Influenza diagnostics

Other SARS: parainfluenza, PC infection, etc. • Typhoid fever: gradual onset, characteristic rash, etc. • Meningococcal infection: rapid onset, meningeal symptoms, etc. • Measles: severe catarrhal phenomena, photophobia, lacrimation, p. Filatova-Koplika. • Viral hepatitis A: no catarrhal phenomena, pain in the liver, dark urine, etc. • Hemorrhagic fevers: severe hemorrhagic syndrome, low back pain, hyperleukocytosis, changes in the urine.

Treatment

• When the first symptoms of influenza occur, the following means are indicated: • abundant drinking in the form of hot tea, cranberry or cowberry mors, alkaline mineral water (Borjomi with milk, etc.); • antipyretic agents: paracetamol (eg, panadol, koldrex), NSAIDs (solpaflex, brufen) at the age-related dosage; Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is contraindicated in children younger than 16 years of age due to the risk of developing Reye's syndrome; • vasoconstrictor locally for the relief of nasal breathing; • mucaltin, licorice root, or tincture of althaea and other agents for liquefaction and sputum discharge; • antitussives: pertussin - with an increased cough reflex, tusuprex with a dry cough; • Libexin - with a persistent, painful cough; Bromhexine - with a damp cough and hard-to-recover sputum; Chest collection, anise fruits, - with a long-lasting cough; Dextromethorphan - with night cough;

TREATMENT OF THE FLU

 • Children older than 2 years and adults in the early days of the disease are recommended to conduct steam inhalations with infusions of chamomile, calendula, mint, sage, St. John's wort, ledum, pine buds, 1-2 per cent. Solution of sodium bicarbonate, etc .;

 • ascorbic acid, multivitamins;

 • antihistamines (tavegil, or suprastin, or zaditen, etc.);

• in the first days of the disease, human leukocyte (IFN) interferon is administered intranasally 3-5 drops 4 times a day by spraying or intratracheal in the form of an aerosol (2-3 ampoules are diluted in 3-5 ml of boiled or distilled water) through a steam-oxygen

Hospitalization of patients is carried out according to clinical and epidemiological indications:

• in cases of severe and (or) complicated influenza;

• for influenza of medium severity in patients with an unfavorable premorbid background;

• with diseases in dormitories, boarding schools, orphanages.

In other cases, the treatment is carried out at home.

It is necessary to provide the patient with bed rest during the entire febrile period, adequate nutrition and abundant drink (tea, juices, milk, decoctions of wild rose and lime-colored). As a means of etiotropic therapy, rimantadine is prescribed: on the first day, 100 mg 3 times a day, on the 2 nd and 3 rd days - 100 mg 2 times a day. Remantadine is contraindicated in children under 14 years of age, pregnant, with acute or exacerbated chronic liver and kidney disease. Oseltamivir may be used that has antineiraminidase activity (75 mg twice a day for 5 days). Both drugs are effective in their appointment no later than the first 2 days of the disease.

Antibacterial drugs (broad-spectrum antibiotics) for influenza are prescribed for elderly people with chronic diseases of the respiratory system, as well as for patients with immunodeficiencies. In all other cases of mild and moderate uncomplicated influenza, they are not shown.

Pathogenetic therapy includes the appointment of ascorbic acid, rutin, calcium gluconate, antihistamines in conventional therapeutic doses. Antipyretics are recommended only with an increase in body temperature of more than 38.5 ° C, the use of aspirin in these cases requires caution because of the possibility of developing an asthmatic component, as well as Ray's syndrome in children.

Heavy forms of influenza require the expansion of pathogenetic therapy. For detoxification, intravenous drip infusions of rheopolyglucin or haemodesis are used in a dose of 200-400 ml, polarizing mixtures (1-1.5 l). 2.4% solution of euphyllin (5-10 ml), 5% solution of ascorbic acid (10-15 ml), 1% solution of dimedrol (1 ml), 40 mg of furosemide are added to the administered solution. When starting edema of the brain or light dose of furosemide is increased to 40-60 mg, intravenously administered prednisolone (300 mg / day or more). Doses of drugs depend on the severity of edema of the brain or lungs, the degree of infectious-toxic shock. With heart failure prescribe a 10% solution of sulfocamphocaine, panangin, cocarboxylase.

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                                Prevention of influenza

 One of the most common and available means for the prevention of influenza is the cotton-gauze bandage (mask).

 • Quenching is the most important method of preventing respiratory infections.

 • In addition, you must take ascorbic acid and multivitamins.

 • Garlic. For prevention in the period of flu epidemics and prostate diseases, it can take 2-3 denticles daily.

 • Daily use of fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet

• Rinse throat with solutions of potassium permanganate, furacillin, soda, chamomile.

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Preventive actions

Mass immuno-prophylaxis significantly reduces the incidence of influenza, especially when the antigenic structure of the vaccine and "wild" influenza viruses coincides. For this purpose, live inactivated whole-virion, subunit and split-vaccines are used.

In addition, in the non-public medical institutions for the immunization of the population on a commercial basis, the following vaccines are offered, registered in accordance with the established procedure:

• Waxigripp (France);

• Begrivac (Germany);

• Fluorics (Belgium);

• Influvac (Holland).

List of produced influenza vaccines and the scheme of their use for different population groups

The above drugs are split (or split-vaccines) or subunit vaccines of the third generation.

There are special vaccine options for immunizing children. Also, special attention is paid to high-risk groups - people of advanced age who suffer from chronic physical illnesses and often have SARS, preschool children and people at high risk of contracting influenza (medical personnel, workers in consumer services, transport, educational institutions, military contingents, schoolchildren and etc.).

Vaccination against influenza is carried out annually in the autumn (October-November) in the pre-epidemic influenza period. Live influenza vaccines reproduce a weakened natural infection in the body, stimulate the humoral and cellular immunity systems, create a wider range of immunity, are more economical in cost. Children aged 3 to 14 years are immunized with a live version of the live vaccine intranasally 2 times with an interval of 25-30 days. Adults and children aged 7 years and older are immunized intranasally once. The drugs are weakly reactogenic. A part of the vaccinated can develop minor catarrhal phenomena. The increase in body temperature above 37.5 ° C in the first 3 days is permissible in no more than 2% of the vaccinated. Immunity is short-term, which requires an annual vaccination.

Inactivated influenza vaccines form predominantly humoral immunity, providing protection against influenza, and have fewer contraindications, which makes it possible to use them not only for practically healthy people, but also for people over 65 and individuals suffering from various chronic diseases. The vaccine is administered parenterally once with disposable syringes.

Grippol polymer-subunit vaccine "Grippol" forms in the body a specific immunity against influenza and increases the nonspecific resistance of the organism to other infections due to the presence in the preparation of a water-soluble polymeric immunomodulator polyoxidonium, which has a wide spectrum of immunopharmacological action. The vaccine is injected once in a volume of 0.5 ml into the upper third of the outer surface of the shoulder a few centimeters below the shoulder joint with a disposable syringe.

Nonspecific prevention of influenza and ARVI

Nonspecific prevention involves the use of both general and special means and methods. Special means and methods can be divided into two groups:

• drugs and procedures that help normalize the functions of the body's immune system, increasing its nonspecific resistance to infectious agents;

• antiviral drugs that affect the pathogens of influenza and ARVI.

Preparations of the first group are prescribed for correction of the immune status in people in a state of secondary immunodeficiency. This large contingent of adults and children is, according to some estimates, up to 50% of the population. Without special immunological studies, it can be attributed almost unerringly to all people with chronic diseases, as well as those who often have ARI.

Nonspecific seasonal immunocorrection during the epidemic of influenza or local outbreaks of other acute respiratory infections is supplemented by an emergency (for epidemic indications) prevention with antiviral drugs. Seasonal and emergency prophylaxis is carried out against the background of a complex of well-founded sanitary and hygienic, basic measures

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