VIII. Romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi
samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, romis samarTlis aqtualizaciis praq-tikuli tendencia, anu italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ganxorcielebulad miiCnies. Tumca, imis mtkiceba, rom iuristebs romis samarTlis mimarT interesi gauneldaT usafuZvloa, vinaidan dRemde arsebuli mravali istoriuli da dogmaturi mizezi, romis samarTlis sicocxlisunarianobas cxadyofs.
romanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve, rogorc es axali saerToevropuli samarTlis Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze Seqmnili romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal saqmianobas warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo samarTlis ganmmartebelTa da komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSro-mebzec. samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi ram: ra principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi formiT (erT krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). samarTlis Ria tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri precendentuli samarTlis sistema, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda amisa, es ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs daeyrdnoba.
romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels samarTlis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda. Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqa-laqo kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri `saerTo samarTlis~ mimarTeba romis samarTalTan, cal-calke ganvixiloT.
$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi
kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis mimdevarTa doqtrina da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napo-leonis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia (Tumca, msgavsi samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis revlu-ciis periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi azriT, Zalzed kazuis-turad, an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli kompromisis Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic, mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegav-lena moaxdina aramxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi mTlianad romis samarTlis principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba. XIX saukunis didma frang-ma iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad da gabedulad ganmartes.
1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli skolis winaaRmdegobis gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo sjuldeba pandeqtistikis yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmni-lebaa, romelic Seiqmna samarTlis istoriuli skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da romis samarTlis dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze.
$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law and equity)
samarTlis am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri Taviseburebebi, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli tradiciebisgan. aRniSnuli sistemiT, erTmaneTisagan ganaszvaveben sakanonmdeblo samarTalsa (Statute law) da pre-cedentul samarTals (Common law).
XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma _ uiliamma qveyanaSi baton-ymuri sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami mieca saerTo samarTlis (Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis dacvis uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis centrs warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac xdeboda adgilobriv sasamarTloebSi ganxiluli saqmeebis gadasinjva. mefis sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Serifis, anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasamarTlo sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre) warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo brZanebebis (writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze, tipuri da mkacrad gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedgenili gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi. formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xel-41
mZRvanelobdnen, risTvisac gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sasamarTlo brZanebebisa da maT safuZvelze gace-muli sarCelebis meSveobiT, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mefe adgenda kanonebs (imdeni sarCeli iyo, ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo da yovelTvis dauwerel, CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda, xolo romis samarTali, romelic univer-sitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur samarTlad ganixileboda.
samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema, romelic upiris-pirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moq-medebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis TxovniT, qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod mefes. mefe gzavnida moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (King’s Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sin-disis mcvelad (keeper of the King’s conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze dafuZnebuli, sasu-liero piris _ kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis sindisis ganwmenda.
samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri ganxorcieleba iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas (specific performance), romelic xor-cieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis (injunction) sasamarTlo akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Ca-denas krZalvda.
samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis Sesaxeb, brZa-nebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba kvlav grZeldeboda: Common law-s farglebSi moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio instanciad gadaqcevis faqts ar iwonebdnen.
rac Seexeba romis samarTlis recefciis mniSvnelobas, inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi, inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da, misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi, romis samarTlis cnebebis gamoyenebaSi; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova, germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaul-kanonikuri doqtrina aRiares, xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis _ pirovnuli avtoriteti uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis Teorias da ara praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon ostinis Txzulebebsa da samarTlis istorikosis _ meitlendis Sromebs.
kazusebidan gamomdinare, principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da inglisur iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli kritikisa da ganviTarebis ganv-lili gzisa; kerZod, saerTo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis kazuisturi xasiaTi, teqnikis gamo-yeneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iuristTa da mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze did gavlenas axdenda intuicia, romelic, logikuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis miuxedavad, samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda.