glosatorTa saqmianoba
glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac gramatikasa da ritori-kasTan erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan `glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmar-tebebs niSnavda.
iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium) irneriusma (daax. 1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, samarTlis Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sfe-rod aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT, mas samecniero xasiaTi SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis univer-sitets, sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen. boloniis universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da romis samarTlis imperiuli koncefcia aRorZinda. romis imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _ dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium.
irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, hugo da iakobi. Glossa Magna/Ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ ki akursiusma Seadgena.
kanonistebi
romauli kanonis (lex Romana) winaSe, `RvTis kanonis~ (lex Dei) upiratesoba, Tanasworobisa (honestas) da qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana) principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdendnen axal samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis damcveli da gamavrcelebeli swored eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis orive dargis (samoqalaqo da kanonikuri) Seswavlisa da swavlebis centrebi eklesia-monastrebsa da samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da gadawyvetilebebi, marTalia romauli samarTlisagan gan-sxvavdeboda, magram mainc uzomo gavlenas axdenda axal samarTalze. kerZod, is moqmedebda stipu-laciebis, xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis, mflobe-lobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT.
`VII muxli~
Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda alfons X-e brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis _ ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da 1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze didi zegavlena glosatorebma _ akursiusma, agaim, da gansakuTrebiT, iakobma (romlis gavlena zedmiwevniT aisaxa me-3 muxlze), dekretalistebma da kanonistebma, aseve kastiliis iuridiulma dokumentebma moaxdines. kodeqsi cnobilia `kanonTa wignis~ an `kanonTa krebulis~ saxelwodebiT. saxeldeba gansazRvra misi Semadgeneli wignebisa Tu muxlebis raodenobam; gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia me-7 muxli. pirvel muxlSi saubaria samarTlis wya-roebsa da saeklesio sakiTxebze; me-2 muxlSi _ sajaro samarTalze; me-3 muxlSi _ sasamarTlo orga-nizaciasa da samarTalwarmoebaze; me-4 da me-6 muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi, xolo me-7 muxlSi _ sisxlis samarTali. aRniSnulma kodeqsma didi gavlena moaxdina kasti-liuri da espanur-amerikuli samarTlis romanizaciaze; magram evropaSi romis samarTlis recefciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod swored es krebuli unda ganixilebodes, radgan mis safuZvelze Camoyalibda evropel da amerikel iuristTa samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi.
Komentatorebi _ consiliatores
evropuli iurisprudenciis realuri fuZemdeblebi komentatorebi anu praqtikosebi arian. maT iustinianes samarTali saerToevropul samarTlad aqcies. komentatorTa Soris gamoirCeoda boloniasa da perujaSi moRvawe profesori bartolo, romlis Sesaxebac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ambobdnen: `aravinaa iuristi, Tu ara bartolos mimdevari _ nemo iurista nisi Bartolista~.
komentatorebma sistemuri iuridiuli doqtrina Seqmnes; maT glosatorTa meTodologia _ sqolastikuri dialeqtikisa da logikis meSveobiT _ iuristis profesiul iaraRad aqcies. iuridiuli sistemis SemuSavebisas, maT warmatebiT daZlies kanonikur da romaul samarTals, aseve saerTo samarTalsa da adgilobriv (regionalur) samarTalSemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. maTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saero saqmeebisTvis saerTo samarTali (ius commune) gamoiyeneboda, xolo kanonikuri samarTali mxolod sasuliero saqmeebis mogvarebisas moqmedebda. moqmedi specialuri samarTlis normebi, adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis saxiT, saerTo samarTals eqvemdebareboda da iuridiuli Zala mxolod sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi gaaCndaT.
Humanistebi
XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba, Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis deda-azriT _ humanizmiT gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani _ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavi-sufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialur-politikuri _ pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba, ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis, rogorc uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg.
aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da literaturisadmi didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi praqtikuli tendenciebisgan gansxva-vebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT swavlobda da ZiriTadi istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavi-suflebas cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, romelsac uxvad iyenebdnen iusti-nianeseuli kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebi (interpolaciebi) da Sua saukuneebis periodis glo-satorebi (glosa da komentarebi). am mizniT, TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia, humanistebma ver Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT SeimuSaves e.w. profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke mdgomi, mcirericxovani mecnier-iuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca.
BunebiTi samarTlis Teoria
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis skola, adamianis bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo, universaluri samarTlis sulis-kveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda. adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis, dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazoga-doebriv cxovrebazec ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis sistemis SemuSaveba daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STa-gonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis ideologebi, uzenaess Rirebulebad adamianTa Soris Tanas-worobasa da samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlebad aRiare-bulni arian hugo grociusi (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis fuZemdebeli), samuel pufendorfi, qristian Tomaziusi da qristian volfi. enciklopedistebi akri-tikebdnen, iuristebisTvis Cveul, kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da prece-dentis safuZvelze gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.