- •A) Selection procedures of rw-in-use.
- •2. A) Controller’s actions during coordination.
- •3. A) Data link communications initiation procedures.
- •4. A) Essential aerodrome information.
- •5. A) Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers (general).
- •6. A) Procedures of aerodrome traffic (vehicles) and people control in the maneuvering area.
- •7. A) Reduction in separation minima in the vicinity of aerodrome.
- •8. A) Expected approach time.
- •9. A) Priority on the maneuvering area.
- •10. A) General provisions for the separation of controlled traffic.
- •11. A) Different types of flights.
- •12. A) Landing and roll-out maneuvers.
- •13. A) Procedure of issuing atc clearance for departure and appropriate coordination when issuing such clearance.
- •14. A) Issuance clearance procedure for start up engines.
- •15. A) Issuance clearance procedure for towing.
- •16. A) Issuance clearance procedure for taxiing.
- •17. A) Issuance clearance procedure for taking off.
- •18. A) Issuance clearance procedure for landing.
- •19. A) Approach and obstacle lighting.
- •20. A) Issuance instructions procedure relating to going around again.
- •21. A) Procedure of controller’s actions when directing aircraft to the alternate aerodrome.
- •22. A) rw lighting.
- •23. A) Monitoring of visual aids.
- •24. A) Alerting service provided by aerodrome control Towers.
- •25. A) Information for arriving aircraft.
- •26. A) Minimum separation between departing aircraft.
- •27. A) Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft.
- •29. A) Procedure of canceling flights under vmc conditions.
- •30. A) Procedure of controller’s actions in case there are obstructions on the rw.
12. A) Landing and roll-out maneuvers.
When necessary or desirable in order to expedite traffic, a landing aircraft may be requested to:
hold short of an intersecting runway after landing;
land beyond the touchdown zone of the runway;
vacate the runway at a specified exit taxiway;
expedite vacating the runway.
In requesting a landing aircraft to perform a specific landing and/or roll-out manoeuvre, the type of aircraft, runway length, location of exit taxiways, reported braking action on runway and taxiway, and prevailing weather conditions shall be considered. A heavy aircraft shall not be requested to land beyond the touchdown zone of a runway.
If the pilot-in-command considers that he or she is unable to comply with the requested operation, the controller shall be advised without delay.
When necessary or desirable, e.g. due to low visibility conditions, a landing or a taxiing aircraft may be instructed to report when a runway has been vacated. The report shall be made when the aircraft is well clear of the runway.
b) What precaution measures can be used to eliminate bird strikes?
In order to prevent bird strikes different precautions can be used:
Habitat management, including reduction or elimination of trees, shrubs and other plants which provide food, shelter or roosting sites for birds.
Cooperation with local authorities to ensure that landfill waste disposal sites are not operated so as to create an aircraft hazard.
Cooperation with local farmers to limit the attraction of birds to fields.
Use of bird scaring techniques at the airports such as:
Usage of sound systems emitting high frequency sounds or cries of birds of prey
Constant vigilance by special airport services which have to inspect the RW
Switching on landing lights by pilots
Usage of signal rockets for chasing the birds away
Usage of cow scares
Usage of specially trained falcons for scaring the birds away
Keeping the grass near the RW cut so that birds can not settle there
13. A) Procedure of issuing atc clearance for departure and appropriate coordination when issuing such clearance.
The Air Traffic Controller shall give clearance for departure in the order in which aircraft are ready for take-off. The Air Traffic Controller has to be sure that the aircraft is ready to taxi in time to meet any required departure time, because if departure time and sequence is established on the taxiway system, it can be difficult and sometimes impossible to change the order.
The Air Traffic Controller has to be sure that the pilot understands him and is ready to follow his instructions. The controller has to get the information that the runway is vacated and a pilot acknowledges his instructions and messages.
b) What situation is called depressurization?
Depressurization is a rapid loss of atmospheric pressure due to damage of fuselage construction when the air inside the aircraft becomes as thin as outside and thus not appropriate for breathing.
Pressurization problems can be caused by:
Technical reasons (malfunctioning of the air-conditioning system, electrical system failure, engine failure because engine supplies the work of air conditioning system , metal fatigue, glass fatigue).
Outside factor (bird strike on a windscreen at high level, detachment of engine that can damage the fuselage, encountering adverse weather conditions, such as severe turbulence, lightning strike that can cause significant damage of the construction of the aircraft)
Human factor (explosion of bomb, shooting, not properly closed door, poor maintenance before departure)
Any damage to the system could result in a leakage and consequently a rapid loss of cabin pressure.
Pressurization problems can cause an immediate danger to the aircraft, as the reduction of the cabin pressure will affect the crew and the passengers. The time during which people can retain consciousness without oxygen depends on the altitude flown, the size of the oxygen leak and the dimensions of the fuselage. It can vary from 4 to 30 seconds.
There are two types of depressurization: rapid (explosive) and slow (gradual).
A rapid decompression is a drop in cabin pressure in a matter of seconds. It occurs faster than the lungs can decompress the air. Pilots and passengers are short of time to don the oxygen masks, otherwise they will faint.
A slow decompression is a gradual change of cabin pressure. It is complicated to determine it without automatic visual and aural warning system.