- •A) Selection procedures of rw-in-use.
- •2. A) Controller’s actions during coordination.
- •3. A) Data link communications initiation procedures.
- •4. A) Essential aerodrome information.
- •5. A) Functions of Aerodrome Control Towers (general).
- •6. A) Procedures of aerodrome traffic (vehicles) and people control in the maneuvering area.
- •7. A) Reduction in separation minima in the vicinity of aerodrome.
- •8. A) Expected approach time.
- •9. A) Priority on the maneuvering area.
- •10. A) General provisions for the separation of controlled traffic.
- •11. A) Different types of flights.
- •12. A) Landing and roll-out maneuvers.
- •13. A) Procedure of issuing atc clearance for departure and appropriate coordination when issuing such clearance.
- •14. A) Issuance clearance procedure for start up engines.
- •15. A) Issuance clearance procedure for towing.
- •16. A) Issuance clearance procedure for taxiing.
- •17. A) Issuance clearance procedure for taking off.
- •18. A) Issuance clearance procedure for landing.
- •19. A) Approach and obstacle lighting.
- •20. A) Issuance instructions procedure relating to going around again.
- •21. A) Procedure of controller’s actions when directing aircraft to the alternate aerodrome.
- •22. A) rw lighting.
- •23. A) Monitoring of visual aids.
- •24. A) Alerting service provided by aerodrome control Towers.
- •25. A) Information for arriving aircraft.
- •26. A) Minimum separation between departing aircraft.
- •27. A) Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft.
- •29. A) Procedure of canceling flights under vmc conditions.
- •30. A) Procedure of controller’s actions in case there are obstructions on the rw.
6. A) Procedures of aerodrome traffic (vehicles) and people control in the maneuvering area.
The aerodrome control tower is responsible for movements of pedestrians and vehicles on the maneuvering area. Persons, including drivers of all vehicles shall obtain the clearance from the aerodrome control tower before entry the maneuvering area.
All vehicles and pedestrians shall give way to the aircraft which are landing, taxiing or taking off, except those emergency vehicles which are proceeding to help an aircraft in distress. They have priority of all over surface movement traffic.
When the aircraft is landing or taking off, vehicles shall not be permitted to hold closer to the runway-in-use than:
- at the taxiway/runway intersection or runway holding position;
- at the location other than the taxiway/runway intersection.
b) What is lightning strike?
A flash of lightning is a very dangerous phenomenon for any aircraft in the air. When an aircraft encounters front thunderstorm, it would better avoid it, otherwise the consequences can be unpredictable. In this case very strong electrical current appears in the electric circuit (both primary and secondary). It also can cause total electrical failure, after that an aircraft becomes uncontrollable and as a result there might be a crash.
Lightning strike can cause electrical system failure on the aircraft, communication failure, ignition and malfunction of any another system that in its turn can result in loss of control, may blind the pilot.
7. A) Reduction in separation minima in the vicinity of aerodrome.
The separation minima may be reduced in the vicinity of aerodromes if:
adequate separation can be provided by the aerodrome controller when each aircraft is continuously visible to this controller; or
each aircraft is continuously visible to flight crews of the other aircraft concerned and the pilots thereof report that they can maintain their own separation; or
in the case of one aircraft following another, the flight crew of the succeeding aircraft reports that the other aircraft is in sight and separation can be maintained.
b) What is turbulence? What threat can it pose?
Turbulence is a situation when the smooth flow of air is disturbed by something in its path on the ground or by rising or descending air. It affects the plane so that the abrupt jolts and bumps of the fuselage are felt. Turbulence can occur in mountainous area, while entering the clouds, in the zone of atmospheric fronts, in the zones of jet streams or due to air friction close to the ground because of differences in surface and air temperatures.
Turbulence can be light, moderate and severe. In severe turbulence an aircraft is tossed greatly: it can lose or gain altitude and attitude, experience structural damages and sometimes become out of control.
It’s recommended for the pilots to avoid the turbulence by changing the altitudes and it is forbidden to land under severe turbulence.
Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual cues such as clouds. It is impossible to note CAT with a naked eye because it is invisible and it is very complicated to identify it with a conventional radar. The most susceptible altitudes for CAT are between 7000 and 12000 meters, in the regions where jet streams pass. At lower altitudes it may also occur near mountain ranges. Thin cirrus cloud can also indicate high probability of CAT.