- •Theme 1. The main concepts of stylistics
- •Expressive means
- •Stylistic devices
- •Theme 2. Phonetic stylistic devices
- •Exercise
- •Identify the kind of phonetic stylistic device in the following sentences and state their functions:
- •Steal all the cattle
- •From the mouth of the Congo
- •Theme 3. Graphic means of stylistics
- •Emphatic punctuation
- •IV. Reculiar graphic arrangement of a line or a discourse
- •Exercise
- •Identify the type of the following graphic means and state their functions:
- •Ven I return united ve vill be
- •It’s not the leafing off Liffapool that leef me
- •‘Blood traitor, abomination, shame of my flesh!”
- •Theme 3. Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •II. 4. Barbarisms
- •The main layers of the english vocabulary.
- •II. 3. Archaic words.
- •Exercises
- •I. Analyse the type and function of literary (elevated) words in the following examples:
- •3. I eat apples all morning and afternoon until it is time for my solitary meal in the university restaurant up by the fac du droit (w.Boyd).
- •5. Anobium domesticum, by seven votes to none, resolved not to pupate until after Disembarkation (j.Barnes).
- •6. Pipit sate upright in her chair
- •III. Analyse the type and function of colloquial (degraded) words in the following examples:
- •Theme 4. Lexico-semantic stylistic devices. Figures of replacement
- •Exercise
- •3. Revenge is a dish that tastes best when it is cold (m. Puzo).
- •9. I Lost the world the other day.
- •18. “Fr Boyd?” The lady’s voice was quiet and, while husky, not unattractive
- •19. “Look!- there are names on the doors”. “Witch Know-a-Lot.” “The Enchanter Wise-Man.” “Dame Tell-You-All.” “Mrs. Hidden.” “The Wizard Tall-Hat.” (e.Blyton).
- •25. Is Heaven a physician?
- •27. Memory is a crazy woman that hoards coloured rags and throws away food
- •32. Her memory was a hotel – where ideas came and went like transient guests, without leaving their address behind (e. Wharton).
- •36. Humanity is the mould to break away from, the crust to break
- •42. I know a place round the corner here, where you can get a drop of the finest Scotch whisky you ever tasted – put you right in less than no time (j.K.Jerome).
- •47. Mira was hiding in the ladies’ room. She called it that even though someone had scratched out the word “ladies’ ” in the sign on the door, and written “women’s” underneath (m. French).
- •48. The conversation with Aldous Huxley not infrequently puts one at the receiving end of an unforgettable monologue (l.White Jr.).
- •64. “One more word about Harry’s love life and the deal’s off and that’s a promise,” said Hermione irritably. “What deal?” said Rita(…). “You haven’t mentioned a deal yet, Miss Prissy (j.Rowling).
- •Theme 5. Lexico-semantic stylistic devices. Figures of co-occurrence
- •Exercise
- •5. So they were like a couple of bombs, timed to explode some day, but ticking on like two ordinary timepieces, in the meanwhile (d.H.Lawrence).
- •12. All changed, changed utterly, a terrible beauty is born (w. Yeates).
- •Theme 6. Syntactical expressive means
- •III.4. Emphatic constructions
- •Exercise Analyse the following cases of syntactical stylistic expressive means:
- •14. “That St. Mawr, he’s a bad horse,” said Phoenix (d.H. Lawrence).
- •15. Out she swept like the bad fairy at the christening (d. Riddle).
- •17. I should have given it a try, refused to take no for an answer. Only out of stubbornness are great things born (p.Auster).
- •Theme 7. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •Exercise
- •Theme 8. Functional styles
- •Exercise
- •Plaza athenee
- •6. You also have the right to tell a bigot what you think
- •Examination questions on stylistics
- •1. The Subject Matter of Stylistics. The Notion of Style
- •4. Image. The Main Kinds of Image
- •5. Onomatopoeia. Alliteration. Assonance
- •Literature
- •95007, Симферополь, пр. Академика Вернадского, 4.
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ УКРАИНЫ
ТАВРИЧЕСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
им. В.И. ВЕРНАДСКОГО
Кафедра английской филологии
Полховская Е.В.
Мазина Е.Н.
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
ПО СТИЛИСТИКЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
для студентов 4-5 курсов заочной формы обучения
специальности 6. 030500 «английский язык и литература»
профессионального направления подготовки
0305 Филология, направления 6. 020303 филология*
(английский язык и литература) отрасли знаний 0303 «Гуманитарные науки» образовательно-квалификационного уровня «бакалавр»
Симферополь 2009
Рекомендовано к печати научно-методическим советом ТНУ, протокол № 3
от 12.03.09.
Цель настоящего учебного пособия по стилистике английского языка – помочь студентам заочной формы обучения и экстерната освоить основные теоретические вопросы изучаемой дисциплины, приобрести навыки применения полученных знаний на практике.
В теоретических разделах пособия использовался материал исследований таких видных отечественных ученых, как И.В.Арнольд, И.Р.Гальперин, В.А.Кухаренко, А.Н.Мороховский, Ю.М. Скребнев и др. Практическая часть содержит упражнения для самостоятельной работы, направленные на закрепление теоретического материала и формирование навыков стилистического анализа текста.
Theme 1. The main concepts of stylistics
The Subject Matter of Stylistics. The Notion of Style
Expressive Means
III. Stylistic Devices
IV. Image
I. STYLISTICS is a branch of general linguistics having its own scope of problems to solve, its own substance and methods of research.
The main subject of stylistics is STYLE in all linguistic definitions of this term.
The word “style” goes back to the Latin word “stilos” which meant a sharp stick used for writing on wax tablets. Then it came to denote also the manner of writing and was borrowed into European languages with this new meaning. Up to the present day the notion of style has been studied in so many different aspects and used in so many different meanings that any general definition of the term “style” would hardly be exhaustive. That’s why it seems preferable to summarize the most peculiar views of the concept of style in linguistics.
The term “style” is understood by various scholars in the following senses:
1) the individual manner of a writer or a speaker in making use of language to achieve the desirable effect in speech or in writing.
This application of the general term “style” is observed in several trends of stylistics:
a) pragmatic one that studies what the language can offer to make a communicative act successful, for example, the style of your sermon on evangelism the style of his report at the annual congress of the miners’ union etc.;
b) an author’s individual style study, for instance, Thurber’s ironic style, the style of Melville’s early works. The individual style of an author has a number of essential properties which are usually analyzed. They are: a) the deliberate choice of the most appropriate language means; b) peculiar treatment of these lingual means aimed at verbalizing a message or a creative concept; c) its originality, uniqueness, on the one hand and its conformity to the established norms of the language system or literary canons of the given period, on the other.
Thus, both stylistic trends aim at studying correlations between the intention of the addresser (the supplier of information, the speaker, the writer) and the language means chosen to achieve the effect sought.
2) functional style of language (registers, discourses), i.e. a set of interrelated lingual units of all language levels used in a given sphere and serving a definite purpose in communication.
This definition implies that a functional style (FS) is singled out according to the following main criteria:
a set of deliberately chosen language means which includes a) neutral linguistic units, common to all the functional styles and b) specific linguistic units, found only in the given functional style;
a definite function of communication which presupposes achieving a desirable effect;
a peculiar social sphere which conditions the applicability of language means;
The essence of functional styles, their classification is the problem, open to discussion up to the present day. In modern books on stylistics the number of FS ranges from three to infinity; the styles that are singled out by different scholars are diverse. This manual acquaints the learner with the following widely accepted classification of FS (I.R.Galperin, V.A.Kukharenko and others):
Official style.
Scientific style.
Publicistic style.
Newspaper style.
Belles-Lettres style.
According to V.A Kukharenko, each of the above-mentioned functional styles manifests itself in both written and oral form: “an article and a lecture are examples of the two forms of the scientific style, news broadcast on the radio and TV or newspaper information materials – of the newspaper style; an essay and a public speech – of the publicist style etc”. (For more information see Theme 8 of this manual).
The trend of stylistics that is grounded on this approach to style study is called functional stylistics. It aims at the analysis of situationally conditioned sets or ‘paradigms’ of lingual units, on the message in its correlation with the communicative situation. `
3) a variety of linguistic expression serving particular communicative purposes, or so-called ‘style of language’.
The largest varieties constituting the general system of language are:
a) neutral style;
b) elevated (high-flown, solemn or official) style;
c) degraded (colloquial, stylistically low or derogatory) style.
These varieties are conditioned by a number of extra-lingual factors, such as the subject of speech, the situational conditions of the communication act, the character of communicative sphere, and the participants of communication.
The three-member system ‘elevated – neutral – degraded’ corresponds to the distinction of high, medium, and low styles, known since ancient times. These varieties partially differ from one another in a number of linguistic properties: phonetic, lexical, and grammatical and at the same time they present synonymous ways of expressing the similar idea.
Compare the following sentences:
I have never seen this person.
I have no association with the appearance of the individual I behold.
Me, I never clapped eyes on this here guy.
Each of the synonyms is different from its correlatives stylistically. According to Y.M.Skrebnev, it is due to the possibility of choice, the possibility of using linguistically different but synonymous language resources in analogous situations that styles are formed.
This approach to the study of style in combination with functional and pragmatic approaches constitutes contemporary linguo-stylistics in broad sense of this word. All of them are often employed in teaching stylistic norms of language usage to language speakers. The aim is to investigate the principles and establish some rules of using proper linguistic means (among the multitude of synonymous linguistic resources) that would conform to the given extra-lingual circumstances.
Although the above-mentioned definitions of style (as well as many other heterogeneous viewpoints on it that are not quoted here) are divergent, they all have something in common. Each one presupposes that:
style is a set of characteristics differentiating one text or one homogeneous group of texts from other texts (or other groups). Text is understood as a product of speech (both oral and written), sequence of words, grammatically connected and, as a rule, semantically coherent;
style is always characterized by the principle of choice and combination of different language means (expressive resources) which serve the innumerable communicative purposes of language users.
The contents of stylistics can not be confined to investigating of style only. It also includes the study of expressive means and stylistic devices, which are used in various spheres of speech that aim to impress, so they are not connected with an only definite style.