Basis / element / instrument / random activity / condition / evidence / material defenses / fact / phenomenon

1. During his experiment, Hertz found that light falling upon metal would drive out a negative charge. ___________ is called the photoelectric effect.

2. The porcupine is noted for its armor of quills or spines. ___________ usually lie back on its body but are raised in time of danger.

3. Liquids under vacuum boil at a temperature lower than the normal boiling temperature. ___________ has been useful to food and pharmaceutical manufacturers.

4. In the sixteenth century, Paracelsus said that a healthy body required salt, sulfur, and mercury in the proper proportions. On ___________, he practiced medicine and attracted many followers.

5. A human infant's body is in constant motion. ___________ is very tiring for the baby.

6. Ores contain earthy materials such as sand and clay. ___________ are worthless and are separated from the metal and discarded.

7. In the infrared spectral recorder, a photoelectric cell translates weak infrared rays into electric current. ___________ helps scientists to study conditions on distant planets.

8. Rocks which contain the remains of sea creatures are found in plains and mountains. ___________ proves that the earth’s surface moves both downward and upward.

9. In group VIIA of the periodic table are the halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. ___________ are all nonmetallic.

10. Corn will grow wherever there is suitable soil, ample soil moisture, freedom from cold and frost, and hot sun. ___________ are found around the Mediterranean, in India, in South Africa, and in the entire Western Hemisphere.

TASK 4. Fill the blanks with this or these plus a noun derived from a word in the earlier sentence.

Example: Faraday discovered the principle of the induction coil in 1831. This discovery lead to the development of motors and generators.

1. Steel plates are sometimes bonded with stainless steel or other metals. ___________ prevents food or other products from reacting with the steel.

2. Germs can irritate the nasal membranes. ___________ causes the membranes to secrete a watery liquid to wash away the germs.

3. If a mixture of two liquids is heated, the more volatile liquid will vapor­ize at a lower boiling point. When ___________ is passed through a condenser, it is changed back to a liquid.

4. A chemical atom rearranges the electrons surrounding the nucleus to a more stable form. ___________ can result in a sharing of atoms between electrons.

5. When it rains, some of the rain runs off over the ground surface. ___________ becomes a stream and eventually a river.

6. A family of organic compounds has similar properties. ___________ arises from the properties of some characteristic group in each family.

7. An earthquake is produced when one tectonic plate moves against another. ___________ is recorded on a seismograph.

8. Diamond is the hardest substance known. ___________ gives a cutting edge of almost endless wearing quality.

9. The amount of solar energy received by a region depends on the combined effect of distance from the equator and the seasonal factor. ___________ gives the region what is called its solar climate.

10. Worker bees dance to inform the others in the hive about sources of nectar. ___________ indicates the distance of the source from the hive and the angle in relation to the sun.

11. Compasses on a ship are affected by the magnetic force of the ship itself. The effect of ___________ is called deviation, and it is used to adjust the compass error.

12. In the Haber-Bosch process, nitrogen reacts with hydrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst to produce ammonia, NH3. ___________ is the most widely-used industrial method of nitrogen fixation.

13. Waves of different lengths can travel on the same lines without mixing. ___________ enables numerous telephone conversations to be transmitted over the same wire.

Using word-forms

TASK 6. Fill in the gaps to build cohesion between sentences and ensure a smooth flow.

A. According to Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel, society tend to reject or adopt new technologies for many reasons. Some __________ may seem illogical at first glance.

B. Desmond notes that, while many inventions are more efficient than older technologies, ______ is not always the main factor in embracing a new technology.

C. Another example is the preference of Japan’s kanji writing system over the kana system. Many people ______ using kanji, even though it is quite a difficult system, because it holds social prestige.

D. Stress is often called a disease of contemporary life. It seems that our modern world has not only created an advanced technological environment but also a _________ environment.

Connectors

TASK 7. Read the paragraph and underline all connectors that help to link ideas together. Find seven wrong links and correct them.

Recessionista is a popular new term for a person who manages to dress stylishly on a tight budget. However, the stereotypical recessionista is female, the term does not apply exclusively to women, and to budget-conscious males also. The recessionista adopts a different strategy to ‘work’ with the wardrobe. Typical activities include swapping clothes with friends, hiring rather than buying, or searching charity shops to find designer garments at a lower price.

Recessionista is a clever blend of recession (defined in Macmillan English Dictionary like “a period when trade and industry are not successful”), but the noun fashionista, which was coined in the early nineties to describe a person who wears fashionable clothing or words in the fashion industry. The suffix –ista, taken over from Spanish, has entered productive usage in English in recent years to describe a follower or devotee of someone or something. A related neologism in this context is the expression recession chic, coined in the early nineties to refer to the concept of style and elegance within the constraints of a tight budget. The recessionista though is the personification of recession chic, emerging some years after the economic downturn of 2008.

TASK 8. Fill in listing and comparison-contrast links.

Overall, journals Games and Economic Behaviour and Econometrica have similar requirements to writing article titles and abstracts. (1) _________ publishers prefer articles with transparent and appealing titles. (2) _________, the journals tend to prefer noun phrases no longer than 10 words as a title. However, Games and Economic Behaviour does not recommend capitalizing verbs, nouns, and adjectives in the titles (3) _________ the more famous Econometrica. As for the abstract, not only is the length of the abstract similar, but the structure is also (4) _________ . Authors are advised to write abstracts of 200-250 words and to describe research objectives, methods, and results. (5) _________ of the journals is likely to divide the abstract into paragraphs or use I when referring to authors. Though the journals vary in their reputation and prestige, they have common requirements for publications in the field of economics.

TASK 9. Fill in each gap with a suitable word(s).

The Australian prime minister has called an early election. The date was selected to coincide with the start of the Olympic Games. ______ decision was based on the views of his ministerial advisors, _____ predicted that voter confidence in the government’s policies would be strong at _____ time. As previously mentioned, decisions on the _______ of elections are based on predictions of voter confidence in ____ existing government.

TASK 10. Fill in each gap with a suitable word(s).

Each of the U.S. manned space exploration projects had specific major goals. For example, the Mercury project was designed to test whether _____ not human beings could survive _____ function in outer space. __________, the Mercury project tested rockets with the new Mercury space capsule, which could hold one person. As _______ example, the Gemini project was intended to find out whether two people could work in the weightless environment of space. One way of doing ______ was by having Gemini astronauts take "spacewalks." That is, _____ floated outside their spacecraft in a spacesuit, connected to ______ by a tether. Gemini astronauts ______ tried out new flying skills. For example, some astronauts flew two spacecraft extremely close together; ______ procedure was called "rendezvous." On some Gemini flights, astronauts physically linked two spacecraft together. This linking, ______ "space docking," was a major goal of the Gemini program. _______, the Apollo project, with three astronauts, had the goal of testing spacecraft and skills so _______ people could actually fly to the Moon and land on it. Other goals included performing scientific experiments on the lunar surface ______ collecting rocks for study on Earth.

TASK 11. Look at these passages and underline any 'signposts'. Do they look forwards, backwards or in both directions?

A. Despite this difficulty, many theories have been proposed to explain these results, but the evidence has proved to be elusive. However, this does not mean that the theories can be discounted. The following chapter will explore the evidence in more detail.

B. In the last chapter, we examined the link between foreign direct investment and social development. In this chapter, I would like to explore the differences between this form of investment and local investment. The first section will consider the factors that encourage and discourage local investment. These factors will then be analysed in the light of recent developments in China.

C. Are these theories supported by data? The evidence, unfortunately, is inconclusive. Despite exhaustive studies, no positive identification has ever been made. This has proved to be the most difficult problem of all. However, quite recently, a new method of collecting the data has been proposed. This method relies on sub-sectional analysis, which has not been adopted before. This form of analysis has some interesting features. Firstly, ...