2. Read the text in detail to find the answers to the 10 "What"-questions below.

1. What is law?

2. What is the main aim of law?

3. What categories of law does the system of law in Russia consist of?

4. What is the principle source of constitutional law?

5. What category of law is closely connected with constitutional law?

6. What is the central institution of civil law?

7. What does criminal law define?

8. What form does criminal law take?

9. What is civil law connected with?

10. What rules does employment law include?

3. Word study. Find adjectives in the text related to these nouns:

constitution legislation

crime economy

finance industry

4. Find nouns in the text related to these verbs:

to relate to found

to organize to distribute

to institute

5. Match these words & phrases with their Russian equivalents.

a) to establish a system	1 рабочие ( служащие)
b) a category ( of law)	2 принимать вид кодекса
c) the principle source of law	3 применять наказание
d) to deal with	4 основной источник права
e) the right in property	5 отрасль(права)
f) rule of law	6 право на имущество
g) industrial (office) workers	7 иметь дело с, заниматься
h) to arise from	8 основная(специальная) часть
i) individual types of crimes	9 устанавливать систему
j) to apply punishment	10 возникать из
k) to take the form of a code	11 индивидуальные виды преступлений
1) a general (special) part	12 норма права

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The Legal System in uk and usa

Learn the words to read and translate the text.

1. legal system – законодательство; правовая система, система законов

2. to be separate from [΄sepərət] - обособленный; особый; самостоятельный; независимый

3. legislation [ˎleʤis΄leiʃən] - законодательство; законодательная деятельность; закон; законопроект

4. harm - вред; убыток, урон, ущерб

5. case law - прецедентное право

6. precedent – прецедент

7. court - суд; судебное заседание

8. try – рассматривать в судебном порядке; try a case рассматривать дело

9. judgment = judgement - 1) слушание дела в суде; 2) (судебное) решение; приговор; 3) суждение; мнение; оценка

10. make judgment – выносить судебное решение

11. adapt – переделывать; адаптировать; приспосабливать

12. circumstance - обстоятельство; случай; условие

13. prosecution [prosi΄kju:ʃən] - 1) а) судебное преследование; б) предъявление иска; в) (the prosecution) обвинение (сторона в судебном процессе)

14. charge – обвинение

15. acquit [ə΄kwit] – оправдывать

The legal system in England and Wales is separate from that in Scotland and in Northern Ireland. In all four parts of the UK, however, the same types of law are applied: legislation (= written laws) and common law.

British law is divided into civil law and criminal law. Civil law concerns disagreements between individuals. Criminal law deals with offences involving harm to a person.

English law relies on case law. Case law is a collection of previous decisions, called precedents. When making decisions courts look at precedents for the case being tried and make a similar judgment. Cases also can be adapted or new ones can be introduced in new circumstances.

In the United States the system of common law is applied. But they have their own sets of cases and principles to follow.

A basic principle of law is that anyone accused is innocent until proven guilty. It is the job of the prosecution to prove that the defendant (= the person accused) has broken the law as stated in the charge. If it cannot be proved the person must be acquitted (= allowed to go free, with no blame attached).

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