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Understand what doesn't need to be cited.

Not every single thing in academic research needs to be cited, or else research would be too painful for people to undertake. The following things don't need to be cited in your research and final papers:

  • Common sense observations, folklore, urban legends, and well known historical events, such as the date of the Pearl Harbor Attacks.

  • Your own experiences, insights, creations, and musings.

  • However, if you used these same experiences, insights, creations, or musings in a previous assignment that you submitted academically, or got published, you would need to first obtain your instructor's permission to re-use the material and, if you receive permission, include a self-citation.

  • Your own videos, presentations, music, and other media created and originated by you.

  • However, if you used these same videos, presentations, music, or other media created and originated by you in a previous assignment that you submitted academically, or got published, you would need to first obtain your instructor's permission to re-use the material and, if you receive permission, include a self-citation.

  • The scientific evidence you gathered after performing your own tests, polls, etc.

8.7 Translate into English.

"Плагиат" - одно из наиболее часто употребляемых начинающими авторами слов. Здесь и страх за свои собственные произведения (works) ("А вдруг украдут?!"), и опасение самому оказаться в неловком положении (awkward situation) ("А вдруг я нечаянно использую в своем произведении чью-то идею или сюжет, и меня обвинят в плагиате? " или даже "А вдруг кто-то уже писал на эту тему? "). С тех пор как была изобретена (invent) письменность (writing system) (а до нее существовало устное творчество), все основные сюжеты давным-давно рассказаны и пересказаны. Антропологи находят сходные мифы у народов, населяющих (inhabit) разные уголки нашей небольшой планеты. Так, Шекспир заимствовал (borrow) сюжеты своих произведений, Гете - сюжет "Фауста" и т. д.

8.8 Choose the right words:

  1. The ethical implications of laboratory scientific (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools) on animals is an issue discussed worldwide.

  2. The dependency to computers displayed in the behavior of certain people is called computer (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools).

  3. Technological and scientific (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools) such as computers, cell phones, satellites ... may boost the development of the third world countries.

  4. The less people have access to (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools) technology the larger the (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools) divide is.

  5. Computer (age, addiction, animal, experiment, information, tools) is the era in which computer technology has transformed our lives.

8.9 What do the underlined words from the text refer to?

  1. It (paragraph 2): It is subject to sanctions like…

  2. They (paragraph 4): Some individuals caught plagiarizing …

  3. It (paragraph 6): Without attributing the work to the source from which it was obtained…