6.Read the following texts. Translate them into Russian Text I

Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as, heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information. Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power.

Today, the demand for mined materials is greater than at any other time in history. World development and increased urbanization are driving sustained dependence on minerals, metals and coal. Energy usage is expected to increase significantly in the coming decades - placing even more emphasis on supply, security, cost and environmental impact issues.

(from wikipedia)

Text II

Earthmoving and mining equipment has been designed primarily to move earth and minerals in large earthmoving and mining projects. Some of this equipment finds its place in other applications, however, and the use of bulldozers and articulated trucks on road and highway projects are just a couple of examples.

One area of surface mining includes giant machines such as drills, electric shovels and giant draglines, some of which have buckets that are capable of moving 160 cubic yards of material in one scoop. Although somewhat smaller than the electric shovel or especially the giant dragline, the mass excavator also fits here, which is basically a large version of the excavator that is used more for mass excavation than for more limited exaction or trenching.

The term bulldozer technically refers only to a shovel-like blade, over the years people have come to associate the term bulldozer to the entire vehicle both blade and crawler tractor combined. Bulldozers are a powerful tracked piece of equipment and the tracks give them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer’s weight over a large area (decreasing pressure), thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Many wheel dozers were developed from wheel loaders by fitting a dozer blade in place of the loader arms and bucket. This adaptation was only a success where the machine was used for light-duty tasks. The first large rubber-tired dozer suitable for earth­moving applications were those produced by none other than earthmoving pioneer R.G. LeTourneau, beginning in 1947. He developed four sizes known as the Models A, B, C, and Tournadozers.

A dragline excavator is a piece of equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining. In civil engineering the smaller types are used as pile driving rigs. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining. Draglines are amongst the largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000 metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been constructed. Under 25 yd.

Off-road dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs. There are two primary forms: rigid frame and articulating frame.

The term ‘dump’ truck is not generally used by the mining industry, or by the manufacturers that build these machines. The more appropriate term for this strictly off road vehicle is “haul truck” and the equivalent European term is ‘dumper’. The classification describes how loaded material is discharged from the dump body and in this case, the load is discharged from the rear.

Track loaders are capable in nearly every task, but master of none as a dozer, excavator, or wheel loader will outperform a track loader under a set of conditions. The ability of a track loader to perform almost every task on a job site is why it remains a part of many companies’ fleets. There are also wheel tracks used to load loose material (dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, etc.) into or onto another type of machine, such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar.

An electric mining shovel is a bucket-equipped machine consisting of a revolving deck with a power plant, tracks, a counterweight, and a front attachment, such as a boom. The digging phase consists of crowding the dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it, then, retracting the full dipper from the bank. The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is clear of the bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls the dipper through a planned swing path and dump height until it is suitably positioned over the haul unit (e.g. truck). Dumping involves opening the dipper door to dump the load, while maintaining the correct dump height. Returning is when the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves lowering the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.

An electric mining shovel is a bucket-equipped machine consisting of a revolving deck with a power plant, tracks, a counterweight, and a front attachment, such as a boom. The digging phase consists of crowding the dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it, then, retracting the full dipper from the bank. The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is clear of the bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls the dipper through a planned swing path and dump height until it is suitably positioned over the haul unit (e.g. truck). Dumping involves opening the dipper door to dump the load, while maintaining the correct dump height. Returning is when the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves lowering the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.

The hydraulic mining shovel has been widely used for coal and rock loading since the 1970s. The hydraulic system of power transmission greatly simplifies the power train, eliminates a number of mechanical components that are present in the shovel.

(http://www.heavyequipment.com/heavy-equipment/earthmoving