2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs (Образуйтестепенисравненияотследующихприлагательныхинаречий) little, natural, cheap, small, many

3. Readandtranslatethesentences(прочитайте и переведите письменно предложения на русский язык)

1. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.

2. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.

4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences (поставьтевопросыкподчеркнутойчастипредложения).

His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?)

5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (ответьтенавопросы).

1. Does the widget work well or badly?

2. Does she play tennis or volley-ball?

6. Readandtranslatethequestions(переведите письменно разделительные вопросы).

1. 1should not complain, should I?

2. Let's talk about it, shall we?

7. Finishthequestions(закончи разделительный вопрос).

1. You can't speak French,... ?

2. He ought .to go to Moscow.... ?

8. Translatethefollowingsentences(переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты).

1. May I smoke here?—Yes, of course you may, but you mustn't.

You better smoke only in the smoking-room.

2. May we use a dictionary at the exam?—1 think, you needn't.

3. The teacher said that we might use a dictionary, if we could not do without it.

9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" (переведитепредложениясоборотом'ТЬегеis/are).

1. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of JulusCeasar.

2. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining in Rome till nowadays.

10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (вставьтеподходящийглаголmake илиdo).

1. Don't worry; I will try to ... my best to help you.

2. She would like to ... a journey to Italy this summer.

11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE(переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на предложения в пассивном залоге).

1. Строительство этого моста должно быть завершено к следующему месяцу.

2. Все строительные работы должны быть закончены к концу года.

12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (поставьтеглаголвскобкахвподходящуюпосмыслуформувременигруппыINDEFINITE).

1. Муfriend (to speak) good English.

2. He (not to pronounce) the given word correctly.

3. This student (to translate) many English texts a year ago.

4. They (to know) this theoretical material pretty well.

1. Перепишите текст и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Construction Works

Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and followed its progress with interest. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework of the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned.

The architector designermust decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged. Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.

Foundationsserve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent them from sinking and setting which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.

Floorsdivide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

Roofscover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.

A few explanations to the text

1... .followed its progress with interest.—с интересом следил за его ростом

2. basic and detailed engineering — выполнение проектной документации

3. starting up and adjustment operations—пуско-наладочныеработыKey vocabulary / expressions

basement ['beizmant] —фундамент, основание; подвалbeam [bi:m]—nбалка, балансирcause [ko:z]—nпричина, сторонаcoat — nпокрытие, ~ шаслой (краски) commission—v пускатьвэксплуатациюcontractor—nподрядчикdesigned performance — проектнаямощностьfoundation [faun'deɪʃ(ə)n] —nоснование, фундаментframework ['freimwa:k] —nконструкция, структураgirder ['gɜːdə] - nпояснаябалка, прогонprecummissioning works—предпусковыеработыspare parts—v запасныечасти

timber [’timba] —nлесоматериал, строевой лес. балка

2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs (Образуйтестепенисравненияотследующихприлагательныхинаречий) generally, good, bad, far, easy

3. Readandtranslatethesentences(прочитайте и переведите письменно предложения на русский язык)

1. The less you speak, the more you hear.

2. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world.

4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences (поставьтевопросыкподчеркнутойчастипредложения).

She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)

5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (ответьтенавопросы).

1. Will he go to see his friend or ring him up?

2. Shall we dance or sing songs?

6. Readandtranslatethequestions(переведите письменно разделительные вопросы).

1. She's taken the test already, hasn't she?

2. They'd go with us, wouldn't they?

7. Finishthequestions(закончи разделительный вопрос).

1 .He will meet us at the airport,... ?

2. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class....?

8. Translatethefollowingsentences(переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты).

1. The students must stand up when the professor comes in.

2. Must the students stand up when the professor comes in? —

Yes, they must.

3. When must the lecture begin?—According to the timetable, the lecture must begin at 9.30 a.m.

9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" (переведитепредложениясоборотом'ТЬегеis/are).

1. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today.

2. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year.

10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (вставьтеподходящийглаголmake илиdo).

1. Housewives usually... their washing-up on Saturdays.

2. He just... an excuse and disappeared.

11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE(переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на предложения в пассивном залоге).

1. Этот дом должен быть тщательно осмотрен, прежде чем его снесут.

6. Эти вопросы решаются подрядчиком.

12. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE (поставьтеглаголвскобкахвподходящуюпосмыслуформувременигруппыINDEFINITE).

1. Will you (to travel) to the Crimea or to the Caucasus?

2. It (to be) possible or impossible for you to get to the university in 5 minutes?

3. They (not to know) the words properly.

4. Our family (not to travel) to the Crimea last year.

CONSTRUCTION WORKS

Turnkey constructionis the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractorundertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning. As a rule, the contractor's highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, * start-up and adjustment operations.

After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks. As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager)with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate.The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance. Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. The) are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favorable for the customer.

A few explanations to the text

1. starting up and adjustment operations—пуско-наладочныеработыKey vocabulary / expressions

basement ['beɪsmənt] фундамент, основание; подвалbeam [bi:m]—nбалка, балансирcause [ko:z]—nпричина, сторонаcoat ——nпокрытие, ~ шаслой (краски) commission—v пускатьвэксплуатациюcontractor—nподрядчикdesigned performance — проектнаямощностьfoundation [faun'deijn] —nоснование, фундаментframework ['freimwa:k] —nконструкция, структураgirder [' ga :da]- nпояснаябалка, прогонprecomrnissioning works—предпусковыеработыtimber ['timba] —nлесоматериал, строевойлес, балкаturnkey construction - строительство "подключ"

Completion Certificate - сертификатозавершениистроительстваforeign and local subcontractors - местныеииностранныесубподрядчики

2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ( Образуйтестепенисравненияотследующихприлагательныхинаречий)

interesting, correct, clear, healthy, responsible

3. Readandtranslatethesentences(прочитайте и переведите письменно предложения на русский язык)

1. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.

2. The people began to build houses of different materials such as mud. wood, or stone.

4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences (поставьтевопросыкподчеркнутойчастипредложения).

Неis the best student of our group because he works hard, (why?)

5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (ответьтенавопросы).

1. Did he translate this or that article?

2. Did she go to the river or to the forest?

6. Readandtranslatethequestions(переведите письменно разделительные вопросы).

1. He's writing his Business Plan, isn't he?

2. We'd decided to open a joint account, hadn't we?

7. Finishthequestions(закончи разделительный вопрос).

1. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class.... ?

2. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings Time,... ?

8. Translatethefollowingsentences(переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты).

1. The walls may be solid or hollow .

2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.

3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain himself in the conflict with nature.

9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" (переведитепредложениясоборотом'ЧЬегеis/are).

1. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.

2. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue after its reconstruction.

10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (вставьтеподходящийглаголmake илиdo).

1. We are to ... choices pretty often in our lives.

2. It will not... you any harm.

11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE(переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на предложения в пассивном залоге).

1. Эти вопросы решаются подрядчиком.

2. Цемент использовался египтянами при строительстве мостов, дорог и городских стен.

12. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE(поставьте глагол в скобках в подходящую по смыслу форму времени группы CONTINUOUS).

1. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different countries.

2. What (to do) when I came in?

3. She (to come) to Moscow to see her friends.

4.1 (to work) at my manual now.

Modern Building Materials

Some of the most important building materials are: timber, brick, stone, concrete, metal, plastics and glass.

Timberis provided by different kinds of trees. Timbers used for building purposes are divided into two groups called softwoods and hardwoods. Timber is at present not so much used in building construction, as in railway engineering, in mining and in the chemical industry where it provides a number of valuable materials. However, timber is still employed as a building material in the form of boards. For the interior of buildings plywood and veneer serve a number of purposes.

A brickis best described as a "building unit". It may be made of clay by moulding and baking in kilns, of concrete, of mortar or of a composition of sawdust and other materials. There exists variety of bricks for different purposes: ordinary, hollow or porous, lightweight, multicolor bricks for decorative purposes, etc. Bricks are usually laid in place with the help of mortar. Sometimes natural stones such as marble, granite, basalt, limestone and sandstone are used for the construction of dams and foundations. Marble, granite and sandstone are widely used for decorative purposes as well, especially with the public buildings.

A few explanations to the text.

1. ...the first joints of the fingers — первымифалангамипальцев

2. .. for a vast number of purposes, —длямногихцелей

3. .. and they can be easier machined.—иихлегчеобработать.

Key vocabulary / expressions

consider |kan' sida] —v рассматривать, обсувдать; обдумывать

cross-section ['krosakjn]-uпоперечное сечение, поперечный разрез, профиль

derive (from)—vполучать; извлекать; происходить

froth [froG] — пена; vпениться

handle [hsendl]- vбрать руками, держать в руках

impermeability [imрэ:пуэ'Ы1 Ш] — и непроницаемость; герметичность

kiln [kiln] —ппечь для обжига

mortar ['moita]—л раствор

plywood ['plaiwuid]—пфанера

resist [ri'zist]—v сопротивляться

sawdust [’so:dAst] —nопилки

span —nпромежуток времени, период времени

subject [sab'drjekt]—v (to) подвергать; подчинять

tensile ['tensail] —adjрастяжимый

veneer [vi'nia] —nшпон, фанера

2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ( Образуйтестепенисравненияотследующихприлагательныхинаречий)

necessary, competitive, old. beautifully, serious

3. Readandtranslatethesentences(прочитайте и переведите письменно предложения на русский язык)

1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to study before exams.

2. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.

4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences (поставьтевопросыкподчеркнутойчастипредложения).

The} will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)

5. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (ответьтенавопросы).

1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train?

2. Does the widget work well or badly?

6. Readandtranslatethequestions(переведите письменно разделительные вопросы).

1. He'd worked overtime, hadn't he?

2. We have worked hard in the semester, haven't we?

7. Finishthequestions(закончи разделительный вопрос).

1. We have to sign this,...?

2. You can't speak French,... ?

8. Translatethefollowingsentences(переведите письменно предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты).

1. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.

2. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use concrete in their structures.

3. The production of many building materials is to be increased.

9. Translate the sentences with the construction "there is/are, etc" (переведитепредложениясоборотом'ТЬегеis/are).

1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the city.

2. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in many parts of Canberra.

10. Insert the necessary verb: make or do (вставьтеподходящийглаголmake илиdo).

1. If a person likes his or her business, he or she will... it thoroughly.

2. The earthquake ... a lot of damage to the location.

11. TranslateintoEnglishpayingattentiontoPASSIVEVOICE(переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на предложения в пассивном залоге).

1. Когда был построен этот небоскреб?

2. Строительство этого моста должно быть завершено к следующему месяцу.

12. UsetheverbsinbracketsintherequiredCONTINUOUSTENSE(поставьте глагол в скобках в подходящую по смыслу форму времени группы CONTINUOUS).

1. It (not to rain) when we went out for a walk.

2. What he (to do) at 10 p.m. last night?

3. In 1983 they (to live) in Siberia.

4. Today she (to pass an exam) in English, and the day after tomorrow she (to pass an exam) in History.

Контрольная работа

Вариант №7

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

Modern Building Materials

Natural stoneis used for foundations and for the construction of dams. The main varieties of building stone are basalt, granite, marble, sandstone and limestone.

Metals: Aluminium,principally in the form of various alloys, is highly valued for its durability and especially for its light weight, while brassis frequently used for decorative purposes in facing.

Steelfinds its use in corrugated sheets for roofing, for girders, frames, etc. Various shapes are employed in construction.

Plasticsare artificial materials used in construction work *for a vast number of purposes. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building, from the laying of foundation to the final coat of paint. Synthetic resins are the main raw material for plastics. Plastics have some good advantages as they are lighter than metals, not subject to corrosion, *and the) can be easier machined. Besides, they are inflammable, they can take any color and pattern, and they are good electrical insulators. More over, they possess a high resistance to chemical action. A lot of decorative plastics, now available, have brought about a revolution in interior and exterior design. But plastics are used now not only for decoration. These materials are sufficiently rigid to stand on their own without any support. They can be worked with ordinary builders' tools.

A few explanations to the text.

1 for a vast number of purposes. —длямногихцелей

3.... and they can be easier machined.—иихлегчеобработать.

Key vocabulary / expressions

consider |kan' sida] —v рассматривать, обсувдать; обдумывать

cross-section [’krosakjn]-nпоперечное сечение, поперечный разрез, профиль

derive (from)—vполучать; извлекать; происходить

froth [froG] — пена; vпениться

handle [hsendl]- vбрать руками, держать в руках

impermeability[ɪmˌpɜːmɪə'bɪlətɪ]] — и непроницаемость; герметичность

kilnjkiln] —п печь для обжига

mortar ['moita]—л раствор

plywood ['plaiwuid]—п фанера

resist [ri'zist]—v сопротивляться

sawdust ['so:dAst] —nопилки

span —nпромежуток времени, период времени

subject [sab'drjekt]—v (to) подвергать; подчинять

tensile ['tensail] —adjрастяжимый

veneer [vi'nia] —nшпон, фанера

2. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs ( Образуйтестепенисравненияотследующихприлагательныхинаречий)

much, narrow, high, large, big

3. Readandtranslatethesentences(прочитайте и переведите письменно предложения на русский язык)

1. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the classroom.

2. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.

4. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences (поставьтевопросыкподчеркнутойчастипредложения).

I like to read newspapers, (what?)

4. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS (ответьтенавопросы).

1. Is it possible or impossible to bathe in the sea in winter?

2. Does she play tennis or volley-ball?

4. Readandtranslatethequestions(переведите письменно разделительные вопросы).

1. We have not to hurry, have we?

1. should not complain, should I?