4. Give the description of the method of knowledge and presentation. Scientific abstraction.

Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning.

Methods of knowledge:

• Observation or experience. This may be more or less sophisticated, ranging from a simple, "I saw" to carefully designed controlled experimentation.

• Reason or logic. Taking other knowledge as data, by logical operations knowledge can be inferred. For example, the theoretical construct, the electron, is derived by logical inferences from observations and experiment. Such knowledge, being derivative, can not be better than the knowledge upon which it is founded.

  • Modelling a situation sometimes allows those with a hands-on viewpoint to learn how-to do something. This pragmatic approach is often seen in computer programming.

• Testimony. Knowledge based on the acceptance of testimony involves accepting what others say.

  • Authority. Knowledge based on authority may rely upon the reputation of an individual such as Aristotle or Einstein or perhaps on institutional authority such as that of the Roman Catholic Church or Oxford University.

• Revelation. Many people believe knowledge may be obtained via revelation or even divine revelation, although there is no evidence to support this claim.

A presentation is a means of communication that can be adapted to various speaking situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team.

A presentation can also be used as a broad term that encompasses other ‘speaking engagements’ such as making a speech at a wedding, or getting a point across in a video conference.

To be effective, step-by-step preparation and the method and means of presenting the information should be carefully considered. 

A presentation requires you to get a message across to the listeners and will often contain a 'persuasive' element. It may, for example, be a talk about the positive work of your organisation, what you could offer an employer, or why you should receive additional funding for a project.

An abstract is a summary of a professional scientific paper. It appears at the beginning of the paper and includes the following information: a) the problem studied, b) the key findings, and c) their significance.

5. Describe the structure of the thesis.

There are certain conventions specific to certain disciplines. However, these structures are not imposed on a piece of work. There are logical reasons why there is a conventional way of structuring the thesis, which is after all the account of what you've achieved through your research. Research is of course not conducted in the step-by-step way this structure suggests, but it gives the reader the most accessible way of seeing why this research was done, how it was done and, most importantly, what has been achieved. If you put side by side all the questions you had to answer to finish your research and what is often proposed as a typical structure of a thesis, then you see the logic of the arrangement. That does not mean, however, that you have to name your chapters in this way. In some disciplines, it very often is like this; in others, this structure is implied. For example, in many science theses, the following basically is the structure; in many humanities theses, the final structure looks very different, although all of these questions are answered one way or another.

Why am I doing it?	Introduction Significance
What is known? What is unknown?	Review of research Identifying gaps
What do I hope to discover?	Aims
How am I going to discover it?	Methodology
What have I found?	Results
What does it mean?	Discussion
So what? What are the possible applications or recommendations? What contribution does it make to knowledge? What next?	Conclusions

Occasionally a thesis is written which does not in any way comply with this structure. Generally the reasons you want to have a recognised, transparent structure are that, to some extent, it is expected and the conventional structure allows readers ready access to the information. If, however, you want to publish a book based on the thesis, it is likely the structure would need to be altered for the different genre and audience.

• Deciding on your structure.

• Seeing the plot emerge.

• Developing a picture of the thesis as a whole.

• Preparing an outline.

• Working on a section.

• Writing an abstract.

• Achieving unity in your thesis.