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25. Essay: “The use of information technology in the writing of scientific papers”

At the end of the second and beginning of the third millennium, new media for the exchange of knowledge and its storage in the database appeared which become possible by the advent of digital libraries in the areas of science and business, in the social and humanistic sciences, biomedicine, as well as several other areas. These new circumstances imply also necessary obligations for precise understanding of the role of heritage institutions (libraries, museums, archives, galleries) in creating conditions (normative, technological and financial) for the development and growth of digital depository of knowledge. Even during the last months of the Second World War, there have been indications of what would later gain worldwide promotion and importance under the name of the digital library. Specifically, Vannever Bush, a professor at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology (MIT), in the Atlantic Monthly journal in July 1945 published an article titled As We May Think in which he outlined the basic idea of the need for fresh innovative methods in the use of technology to organize and made available knowledge and information at a much more efficient and more cost-effective way than before.

26.Essay “ Passage of Anti-Plagiarism, citing the rules”

Plagiarism on research papers takes many forms.  Some of the most common include these:

Downloading a free research paper.  Many of these papers have been written and shared by other students.  Since paper swappers are often not among the best students, free papers are often of poor quality, in both mechanics and content. 

Buying a paper from a commercial paper mill.  These papers can be good--and sometimes they are too good.  If you have given students an in-class writing assignment, you can compare the quality of the student's in-class work to that of the submitted paper and be quite enlightened. 

Copying an article from the Web or an online or electronic database.  The giveaway of this popular method is that only some of these articles will have the quantity and type of citations that academic research papers are expected to have. 

Copying a paper from a local source.  Papers may be copied from students who have taken your course previously, from fraternity files, or from other paper-sharing sources near campus. 

Cutting and pasting to create a paper from several sources.  These "assembly-kit" papers are often betrayed by wide variations in tone, diction, and citation style.  The introduction and conclusion are often student-written and therefore noticeably different from and weaker than the often glowing middle.

Quoting less than all the words copied.  This practice includes premature end quotation marks or missing quotation marks.  A common type of plagiarism occurs when a student quotes a sentence or two, places the end quotation mark and the citation, and then continues copying from the source.  Or the student may copy from the source verbatim without any quotation marks at all, but adding a citation, implying that the information is the student's summary of the source.  Checking the citation will expose this practice.

Faking a citation.  In lieu of real research, some students will make up quotations and supply fake citations.  The fake citation can be either completely fabricated, or it can reference a real source (book, journal, or Web site) which contains no such article or words that appear in the student's paper.

Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or document. The widespread use of computers and the advent of the Internet has made it easier to plagiarize the work of others. Most cases of plagiarism are found in academia, where documents are typically essays or reports. However, plagiarism can be found in virtually any field, including novels, scientific papers, art designs, and source code.

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