9. Describe Bubble Theories on the Origin of Life

Many ideas have been proposed to get around the chemical problems associated with the origin of life. One model suggests that bubbles allowed the compounds to become more concentrated, but there are still many physical and chemical barriers. Some scientists have recognized the impossibility of life forming on the earth and have suggested that life came from outer space— possibly from alien life forms.

Опишите Bubble теории о происхождении жизни

 Многие идеи были предложены, чтобы обойти химические проблемы, связанные с происхождением жизни. Одна модель предполагает, что пузырьки позволило соединения, чтобы стать более концентрированным, но есть еще много физических и химических барьеров. Некоторые ученые признали невозможность жизни формирующего на земле, и предположили, что жизнь возникла из внешней пространственноподобной возможно, от чужеродных форм жизни.

10. Explain the Miller-Urey Experiment.

In the 1950s, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey duplicated the conditions of the primordial earth in this now-famous apparatus:

The experiment yielded many of the organic building blocks of life, including amino acids, sugars, and even nucleotide bases.

The most important feature of the apparatus was the LACK OF OXYGEN. Oxygen was very scarce in earth's earliest atmosphere, or these complex organic molecules would have been fried as soon as they formed.

10. Объясните эксперимент Миллера-Юри.

В 1950 году Стэнли Миллер и Гарольд Юри продублированы условия изначальной земли в этом ныне известном устройстве:

Эксперимент дал многие из органических строительных блоков жизни, в том числе аминокислот, сахаров и даже нуклеотидных оснований.

Наиболее важной особенностью аппарата является недостаток кислорода. Кислород был очень мало в ранней атмосфере Земли, или эти сложные органические молекулы были бы жареное, как только они образовались.

11. Describe the levels of organization of life.

Ecosphere – biome – landscape – ecosystem – community – population – organism – organ – tissue – cell – molecular

11. Опишите уровни организации жизни.

  Экосфера - биом - пейзаж - экосистема - сообщество - популяция - организм - орган - ткань - клетка – молекулярная

12. Describe the process on picture below.

Evolution. Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

12. Опишите процесс на картинке ниже.

  Эволюция. Изменение вида организма с течением времени; процесс, посредством которого современные организмы произошли от древних организмов.

13. The main ideas of evolution.

Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

14. The law of Saint-Hilaire

Saint-Hilaire (15 April 1772 – 19 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". a synthesiser, contended, in accordance with his theory of unity of plan in organic composition, that all animals are formed of the same elements, in the same number; and with the same connections: homologous parts, however they differ in form and size, must remain associated in the same invariable order. With Johann Wolfgang von Goethe he held that there is in nature a law of compensation or balancing of growth, so that if one organ take on an excess of development, it is at the expense of some other part; and he maintained that, since nature takes no sudden leaps, even organs which are superfluous in any given species, if they have played an important part in other species of the same family, are retained as rudiments, which testify to the permanence of the general plan of creation. It was his conviction that, owing to the conditions of life, the same forms had not been perpetuated since the origin of all things, although it was not his belief that existing species are becoming modified.