Примечание:

stare decisis – букв. "стоять на решенном" ("принятое решение остается в силе"), господствующая сила прецедента (Принцип общего права [common law], согласно которому решение, принятое судом более высокой инстанции, имеет силу прецедента и становится обязательным для всех аналогичных дел и для всех судов низшей инстанции и остается таковым до принятия нового решения с отменой предыдущего).

Сonseil d'Etat (франц.) - Государственный Совет (апелляционная и кассационная инстанция по делам административной юстиции во Франции)

TEXT 2

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите выделенные жирным шрифтом слова (в начальной форме: сущ. и прил. – в им.п., ед.ч; глаг. - инфинитив). Назовите, к какой части речи относится каждое слово.

2. Заполните таблицу, указав недостающие формы неправильных глаголов и их перевод.

Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) Infinitive (что с/делать?)	Прошедшее простое Past Indefinite (что с/делал?)	Причастие I Participle I	Перевод
to make		made
	said
to leave		left
	felt
to write
	sold
to bind
	found

3. Определите и укажите время и залог подчёркнутых сказуемых.

4. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем. Differences between civil, socialist and common law (1)

The idea found in civil and socialist law that the judiciary does not interpret the law in creative ways has its origins in Roman law. It is said that the famed Byzantine Emperor Justinian had the Corpus Juris Civilis compiled and all other decisions by jurists burned to create certainty in the law. Again in the 19th century, French legal scholars at the time of the development of the Code Napoleon advocated the same kind of approach — it was believed that since the law was being written down precisely, it should not need interpretation; and if it did need interpretation, it could be referred to those who wrote the code. Napoleon, who was an advocate of this approach felt that the task of interpreting the law should be left with the elected legislature, not with unelected judges. This contrasted with the pre-revolutionary situation in France, where unelected parliaments defending the interests of the high bourgeoisie would often slow the enforcement of royal decisions, including much needed reforms.

However, this idea was found difficult to implement in practice. In France, and other countries that Napoleon had conquered, or where there was a reception of the Civil Code approach, judges once again assumed an important role, like their English counterparts. In civil law jurisdictions at present, judges interpret the law to about the same extent as in common law jurisdictions – though it may be acknowledged in theory in a different manner than in the common law tradition which directly recognizes the limited power of judges to make law. For instance, in France, the jurisprudence constante of the Cour de cassation or the Conseil d'État is equivalent in practice with case law.

In theory, in the French civil law tradition, a judge does not make new law; he or she merely interprets the intents of "the Legislator." The role of interpretation is traditionally approached more conservatively in civil law jurisdictions than in common law jurisdictions. When the law fails to deal with a situation, doctrinal writers and not judges call for legislative reform, though these legal scholars sometimes influence judicial decision-making.