26. Identify and expand the main features pre-sciencce.

In the history of the emergence and development of science is necessary to allocate two stages. The first stage is characterized by an emerging science (pre-sciencce), the second - a science in the proper sense of the word. Pre-sciencce studies primarily those things and processes with which a person repeatedly encountered in everyday experience. He sought thus to build models of objects and processes in order to predict the results of action. The prerequisite for this was the study of things, their properties and relationships identified in practice.

Prescience - the initial stage of formation of scientific knowledge within civilizations of the Ancient East. Sometimes the beginning of prescience is removed in primitive society.

The prescience includes 4 types of culture or a civilization:

1) Egypt-where except astronomy, mathematics the medicine developed;

2) Mesopotamia (Mesopotamia): 1 Babylon (astronomy, cuneiform writing), 2 Sumer, 3 Akkad, 4 Assyria, 5-Drevny Iran;

3) India → country of feelings;

4) China → country of 1000

Principal features of prescientific knowledge:

• This knowledge was applied, but not theoretical;

• This knowledge was exclusive → esoteric (availablly to groups of people), but not universal;

• This knowledge was not critical;

• This knowledge was authoritative (also all is ordered), but not rational;

• This knowledge was not system;

• This knowledge was prescription, but not reasonable.

27. Formulate and expand the scientific ideas and the main program of Antiquity.

The term "ancient science" encompasses the totality of the scientific and philosophical ideas that have arisen during the period from the VI. BC prior to VI.AD, from the first appearance of philosophies "about the nature of things" (early Greek natural philosophy) before the fall of the Roman Empire and the closing of Plato's Academy in Athens (529 years).

At this time there is natural philosophy, as historically the first form of theoretical knowledge of nature, formed the main categories, principles and programs of natural science, it is allocated a number of specific areas of scientific research on music theory, statics, hydrostatics, botany and zoology to grammar, rhetoric, economics, law and policy.

Some of the major scientific achievements of antiquity:

- atomism of Democritus;

- dialectics and the theory of ideas of Plato and Socrates;

- theory of Plato and Aristotle states;

- metaphysics, physics, logic, psychology, ethics, economics, Aristotle's Poetics;

- geometry and number theory, set forth in the form of a deductive science system in the "Elements" of Euclid;

- statics and hydrostatics of Archimedes, his mathematical work on the calculation of areas and volumes;

- theory of architecture Marcus Vitruvius;

- historical works of Herodotus and Thucydides;

- Hippocratic medicine;

The antique science allocates the Greek science.

Here for the first time knowledge appears objective, theoretical and reasonable. It occurs 2500 years ago. Development of antique science is connected with emergence of 3 scientific programs:

1) Mathematical program of Pythagoras (philosophy of number and space);

2) Lefkipp and Democritus's corpuscular (partial) theory (main achievement) "atomistics (atomic weight) and determinism (reason and investigative communication)";

3) Scientific program of Aristotle "theoretical fundamentals of all sciences".

Antiquity and the Greek science have formulated the investigative fundamental ideas:

1-Heraclitus, panta rei – everything flows, it is impossible to enter the same small river twice;

2 idea of genesis;

3 idea of unity of the world;

4 idea of harmony;

5 idea of infinity;

6 idea of regularity.