Visit the website address given below and listen to the conversation about how to get a patent.

http://www.podfeed.net/episode/How+To+Get+A+Patent/161254

a) Answer the questions

1. What steps you should take before taking a patent?

2. What should you do when you take a patent?

3. What is a patent fees for simple invention?

4. Is it possible to check whether your invention had been described earlier and patented?

5. How to document and protect ideas of your invention correctly?

6. Is it possible to say that the person who adds his/her ideas to the invention an author?

7. If you want to sale your invention what time do you have for patent it?

b)* Are the following sentences true or false?

1. Most patents don’t make a direct profit.

a) True b) False

2. It’s difficult to say how valuable your invention will be.

a) True b) False

3. If you invention isn’t for sale, it is absolutely useless.

a) True b) False

4. Before you go far with your invention, it’s very important to document your ideas.

a) True b) False

Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in professional scientific research. The consequences of scientific misconduct can be severe at a personal level for both perpetrators and any individual who exposes it.

Scientific misconduct

There area lot of reasons for scientists to commit misconduct.

• Career pressure. Science is still a very strongly career-driven discipline. Scientists depend on a good reputation to receive ongoing support and funding; and a good reputation relies largely on the publication of high-profile scientific papers. Hence, there is a strong imperative to "publish or perish". Clearly, this may motivate desperate (or fame-hungry) scientists to fabricate results.

• Laziness. Even on the rare occasions when scientists do falsify data, they almost never do so with the active intent to introduce false information into the body of scientific knowledge. Rather, they intend to introduce a fact that they believe is true, without going to the trouble and difficulty of actually performing the experiments required. The ability to get away with it in many scientific fields, results are often difficult to reproduce accurately. That means that even if a scientist does falsify data, they can expect to get away with it - or at least claim innocence if their results conflict with others in the same field.

• Money. There is the additional incentive of money. If one has a promising proposal in area where federal or other grant money or funding is available especially in new technologies where there is no existing standard against which to compare, the submission of preliminary data cannot be confirmed until further research is done.

Authors and coauthors of scientific publications have a variety of responsibilities. Contravention of the rules of scientific authorship may lead to a charge of scientific misconduct. All authors, including coauthors, are expected to have made reasonable attempts to check findings submitted to academic journals for publication. Simultaneous submission of scientific findings to more than one journal or duplicate publication of findings is usually regarded as misconduct.

Authors are expected to keep all study data for later examination even after publication. The failure to keep data may be regarded as misconduct. Some scientific journals require that authors provide information to allow readers to determine whether the authors might have commercial or non-commercial conflicts of interest. Authors are also commonly required to provide information about ethical aspects of research, particularly where research involves human or animal participants or use of biological material. Provision of incorrect information to journals may be regarded as misconduct. The majority of recent cases of alleged misconduct involving undisclosed conflicts of interest or failure of the authors to have seen scientific data involve collaborative research between scientists and biotechnology companies.

The consequences of scientific fraud vary based on the severity of the fraud, the level of notice it receives, and how long it goes undetected. For cases of fabricated evidence, the consequences can be wide ranging, with others working to confirm (or refute) the false finding, or with research agendas being distorted to address the fraudulent evidence.

The potentially severe consequences for individuals who are found to have engaged in misconduct reflect back on the institutions that host or employ them and also on the participants in any peer review process that has allowed the publication of questionable research. This means that a range of actors in any case may have a motivation to suppress any evidence or suggestion of misconduct. This means that persons who expose such cases can find themselves open to retaliation by a number of different means.

There are several forms of scientific misconduct.