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Appendix II company culture

Analyzing the Organizational Culture and the Discourse Community you can begin to analyze an organization's culture by asking the following questions:

•Is the organization tall or flat? Are there lots of levels between the CEO and the lowest worker, or only a few?

•How do people get ahead? Are the organization's rewards based on seniority, education, being well liked, making technical discoveries, or serving customers? Are rewards available only to a few top people, or is everyone expected to succeed?

•Does the organization value diversity or homogeneity? Does it value independence and creativity or being a team player and following orders? What stories do people tell? Who are the organization's heroes and villains?

• How important are friendship and sociability? To what extent do workers agree on goals, and how intently do they pursue them?

•How formal are behavior, language, and dress?

•What are the organization's goals? Making money? Serving customers and clients? Advancing knowledge? Contributing to the community?

Organizations, like nations, can have subcultures. For example, manufacturing and marketing may represent different subcultures in the same organization: they may dress differently and have different values.

To analyze an organization's discourse community, ask the following questions:

•What channels, formats, and styles are preferred for communication?

•What do people talk about? What topics are not discussed?

•What kind of and how much evidence is needed to be convincing?

A discourse community may be limited to a few people in an organization. However, some discourse communities span an entire organization or even everyone in the same field in the nation or the world.

Appendix III working in groups

Communication Activities and Phases of Group Development

Phase Events during Phase

Orientation - Group meets. Members decide how to relate to each other. Group tries to define task.

Formation - Members begin to specialize. Leader emerges. Group develops strategy, objectives, and procedures to meet goals.

Coordination - Group finds, organizes, and interprets information; examines its assumptions. Group considers alternatives but no one advocates a specific conclusion.

Formalization - Group makes and formalizes decision.

Communication Activities during Phase

Members make tentative comments, seek information. Statements skip from one topic to another. Members agree more with each other than in any other phase.

Conflict emerges as leader and strategy are chosen. Positions are stated clearly; ambiguity decreases. Members argue with each other.

Information flows freely but prompts questions, trial interpretations and solutions. Comments include diagnosis, explanation, and substantiation. Conflict is accepted as part of the effort to find the best solution. Members compliment and congratulate each other.

Focus

Interpersonal and procedural.

Procedural, some interpersonal and informational.

Informational, some procedural and interpersonal.

Procedural and interpersonal.