- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
... if he is working for a higher degree at present.
... what experiments he is performing now.
... if he is taking part in the work of scientific conferences.
... what his co-worker is doing at present.
... if he is collecting some data to explain for phenomenon.
... if he is reviewing the agricultural literature.
... if he is working in close contact with his research supervisor.
... what book he is looking for.
... if he is performing research individually or in a team.
14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
Postgraduate students … their scientific research at different departments of the University (to carry out).
It is the problem that … much disputes yesterday (to cause).
When we came to the University, the meeting … already …. (to begin).
They … this problem for 2 hours (since 10 a. m.) (to discuss).
They … the candidate examination in English next spring (to pass).
How many papers … you already … (to publish)?
In 2001 he … his candidate's degree (to get).
The job … teaching and research (to combine).
Yesterday at 11 o’clock he … with his research supervisor (to meet).
Before she started writing a report she … the literature very attentively (to read).
We … carefully … the monograph (to study).
… you … this problem for a long time (to research)?
Your research supervisor … through your paper meant for the conference (to look). He … some critical remarks now (to make).
15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
Степень магистра очень важна, она является ступенью для получения степени кандидата наук.
Со степенью кандидата наук можно получить должность доцента.
Я работаю в тесном контакте с сотрудниками нашей кафедры.
Ваш доклад произвел большое впечатление на меня.
Ваша работа имеет огромное теоретическое и практическое значение. Мы дадим Вам дополнительные денежные средства (additional funds), чтобы ускорить ее.
Научный руководитель и его аспирант обсуждают новую идею, которую выдвинул молодой ученый (put forward).
Научный руководитель проверил статью для конференции и сделал несколько замечаний (critical remarks).
К концу срока обучения в аспирантуре аспирант должен представить текст диссертационного исследования для обсуждения на заседании кафедры.
16) Put questions to the above sentences.
Text 3: My research work
I am a first year postgraduate student of the Perm State Agricultural Academy. I’m doing research in agronomy which aims at increasing the yields, fertility of soil and improving the quality of crops. My special subject is crop growing.
My research is both theoretical and practical and is devoted to the study of spring cereal grains yield formation in the Urals. I have been working on the problem for three years. I got interested in it when a student.
I think this problem is very important nowadays for our region. Spring cereal grains are very valuable crops in organic farming, and much effort has been put into optimizing the yield and quality of organically grown spring cereal grains. The necessity of searching efficient strategies of optimizing the yield and quality of organically grown spring cereal grains determines the motivation for the study.
The subject of my thesis is the influence of changing crop varieties and meteorological conditions on spring cereal grains yield, its quality and phytosanitary state.
The theoretical significance of my work is that it may be used as a guide for other scientific works in optimizing the yield and quality of organically grown spring cereal grains.
The practical value of my thesis is that the developed methods and obtained results may be used in agricultural practice to increase the yield and improve the phytosanitary state of spring cereal grains.
My research work consists of several stages. They are: analysis of scientific literature, selection of crops and variety, development of plans and methods, field experiment, analysis of obtained results. The experiment will be carried out on the field of the Perm State Agricultural Academy.
My work is based on the theory developed by my research supervisor, Professor S. Petrov. He is head of the department at the Perm State Agricultural Academy. I always consult him when I encounter difficulties in my research. We often discuss the collected data. These data enable me to define more precisely the theoretical aspects of the spring cereal grains yield formation. I have not completed the experimental part of my thesis yet, but I’m through with the theoretical part.
I take part in various scientific conferences where I make reports on my subject and participate in scientific discussions and debates. The results of the research are presented at scientific conferences. For the moment I have 4 scientific papers published.
I’m planning to finish writing the thesis by the end of the next year and prove it in the Scientific Council of the Perm State Agricultural Academy. I hope to get a candidate’s degree in agriculture.