- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
Герундий является неличной формой глагола, которая сочетает в себе свойства глагола и существительного. Герундий может переводиться на русский язык существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием или глаголом-сказуемым в составе придаточного предложения. Аналогичной формы в русском языке нет.
Герундий имеет 4 формы:
Формы герундия
|
Активный |
Пассивный |
Простой |
giving |
being given |
Перфектный |
having given |
having been given |
Playing tennis is his favourite sport. – Игра в теннис – его любимый вид спорта.
Не likes reading. – Он любит читать.
Функции герундия в предложении
Функция в предложении |
Пример |
Примечания
|
Подлежащее |
Expecting too much leads to frustration. |
|
Часть сказуемого |
Seeing is believing. (пословица) |
|
Дополнение • прямое • предложное
|
Science requires experimenting. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon. |
Герундий переходного глагола требует прямого дополнения
|
Определение • правое • левое
|
There is some reason for questioning this assumption. The flight was delayed; passengers had to wait for flying weather in the waiting room of the airport. |
|
Обстоятельство • времени • образа действия
|
In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between fact and hypothesis. By doing nothing we learn to be ill. |
Перед герундием в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется предлог.
|
Герундий употребляется со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:
to feel like – хотеть, желать
to go in for – заниматься чем-либо
to be good at – быть удачливым в чем-либо
to be worth – стоить
it's no use – не имеет смысла, бесполезно
to need – нуждаться
to want – хотеть, желать
to begin – начинать
to start – начинать
to commence – начинать
to go on – продолжать
to continue – продолжать
to finish – заканчивать
to stop – прекращать
to prefer – предпочитать
to do – заниматься ч-л, выполнять какое-либо действие
to excuse – извинять
to mind – возражать
to enjoy – наслаждаться
to like – нравиться
to love – любить
to be fond of – быть в восторге от, любить
to be proud of – гордиться
to hate – ненавидеть
to dislike – не любить
to give up – прекращать, бросать
to mention – упоминать
to be busy with – быть занятым чем-либо
to think of – думать
to dream of – мечтать
to insist on / upon – настаивать
to be interested in – интересоваться чем-либо и др.
Герундиальный оборот
Герундиальный оборот – герундий с относящимися к нему словами – представляет собой один сложный член предложения, состоящий из герундия и слова – субъекта действия, стоящего перед ним. При переводе герундиальный оборот передается придаточным предложением, в котором субъект действия становится подлежащим, а сам герундий – сказуемым.
John's coming so late surprised everybody. – Всех удивило то, что Джон пришел так поздно.
Would you mind my leaving for a few minutes? – Вы не возражаете, если я покину вас на несколько минут?