- •М. А. Хлыбова английский язык для аспирантов
- •614090, Россия, г. Пермь, ул. Петропавловская, 23
- •Contents
- •Введение
- •Требования, предъявляемые к кандидатскому экзамену по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
- •Содержание кандидатского экзамена
- •Структура кандидатского экзамена
- •Учебные тексты
- •Unit 1. Starting postgraduate studies
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •6) Add the qualities found in the previous task to the list below. Choose 5 most important qualities for postgraduate students and rank them.
- •7) Translate the sentences and identify what part of speech the word «research» is (noun / verb / adjective).
- •8) Translate into Russian and make sentences with the following word combinations.
- •9) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •10) Answer the following questions.
- •11) Here are some parts of a dialogue. Match questions with suitable responses. Learn and act out the dialogue.
- •12) Read the text carefully and find some differences and similarities in the postgraduate course in the United Kingdom and that of our country.
- •13) Ask your friend using Present Continuous Active (see Appendix 2.1).
- •14) Use the correct form of the verb in brackets in the Active voice (see Appendix 2.1). Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •15) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English. Pay attention to the tense form.
- •16) Put questions to the above sentences.
- •17) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text:
- •18) Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •19) Speak about your research work answering the following questions.
- •20) Insert the right word: subject, object, aim, research questions, significance, motivation for the study, methods.
- •21) Speak about the structure of your research. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.1.
- •22) Answer the questions.
- •Unit 2. Attending an academic conference
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the words in English with their Russian equivalents.
- •2) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or word combinations.
- •3) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •4) Answer the following questions.
- •5) Read the following dialogues in parts. Learn and act out the dialogues.
- •6) Complete the following sentences with suitable modal verbs (see Appendix 2.2).
- •7) Explain the differences between the conferences given above. The points to be covered:
- •8) Write a letter to the organizing committee of the conference you are going to attend. Use phrases given in Appendix 1.2.
- •9) Fill in the application form to register for the conference. Conference application form
- •10) Speak about your participation in the conferences answering the following questions.
- •11) Translate into English using modal verbs.
- •12) Read and translate the text. Analyze the use of modal verbs.
- •13) Complete the sentences according to the information given in the text.
- •14) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •Unit 3. Writing abstracts
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Find synonyms and arrange them in pairs.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •Informative abstracts
- •Informative abstract:
- •3) Explain the differences between descriptive and informative abstracts. The points to be covered:
- •5) Match the following Russian and English sentences. Pay attention to the verbs of the Passive voice (see Appendix 2.3).
- •6) Complete the following sentences with appropriate verbs in the Passive voice.
- •7) Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.
- •8) Translate the verbs and put them in the appropriate tense form of the Passive voice given in brackets.
- •9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.
- •10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Answer these questions.
- •2) Learn the following introductory words which are useful for delivering a presentation.
- •3) These are some expressions used in the presentation. Put them in a logical order. Pay attention to the introductory words.
- •4) Match the words and phrases with different stages of a presentation.
- •5) Choose the right preposition.
- •6) Complete the following presentation with appropriate words from the box.
- •7) Complete the following sentences with the correct word.
- •8) Rearrange these sentences to make a complete presentation. Pay attention to using the introductory words given above.
- •9) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood (see Appendix 2.6).
- •10) Translate the following sentences into Russian. Define the type of conditional sentences (see Appendix 2.7).
- •11) Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations and memorize them.
- •12) Translate the following sentences and analyze the use of Participles (see Appendix 2.8.3).
- •13) Choose the correct form of Participles.
- •14) Answer the following questions.
- •15) Here are some rules for using visual aids. For each one select the correct missing word from the options.
- •16) Choose the correct verb from the in the box below and put it into the sentence. Make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
- •17) Imagine you are delivering a presentation at the conference. Use the following patterns (see Appendix 1.4). Unit 5. Reading and reviewing professional literature
- •Vocabulary
- •1) Match the following Russian and English sentences.
- •2) Answer the following questions.
- •3) Answer the following questions using the words and word combinations given in brackets.
- •4) Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the underlined word combinations.
- •5) Complete the sentences using the professional vocabulary.
- •6) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive, its functions in the sentence. Find objective and subjective infinitive constructions (see Appendix 2.8.1).
- •7) Answer the following questions about the book and review given above.
- •8) Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Gerunds (see Appendix 2.8.2).
- •9) Transform the following sentences using the Gerund. The beginning of a new sentence is given to you. Do as in the model.
- •10) Read the following text. Underline and analyze the use of the Gerunds in the text.
- •11) Translate the following sentences into English.
- •12) Speak about your own publications. Use the following questions as a guide for your talk. Use phrases given in vocabulary (see Appendix 1.5).
- •13) Translate the texts above and write reviews using the phrases from Appendix 1.5.
- •14) Write a review of a book you would like to recommend to your fellow-students using the phrases from Appendix 1.5. The points to be covered:
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix 1. Useful language
- •1.1. Structure of research
- •1.2. Letter of (Conference) Attendance
- •1.3. Abstract writing
- •1.4. Presentation structure
- •Inviting questions
- •1.5. Discussing a scientific publication
- •Appendix 2. Grammar Notes
- •2.1. Времена в действительном залоге
- •Времена группы Simple
- •2.2. Модальные глаголы
- •2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
- •Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
- •2.5. Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses)
- •2.6. Сослагательное наклонение (The Subjunctive Mood)
- •2.7. Условные предложения (Conditional Sentences)
- •If Condition, (then) Statement – Если Условие, (то) Утверждение.
- •1) Условные предложения первого типа (First Conditional sentences)
- •2) Условные предложения второго типа (Second Conditional sentences)
- •3) Условные предложения третьего типа (Third Conditional sentences)
- •4) Смешанный тип 1
- •5) Смешанный тип 2
- •2.8. Неличные формы глагола (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)
- •2.8.1. Инфинитив (the Infinitive)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •2.8.2. Герундий (the Gerund)
- •Функции герундия в предложении
- •2.8.3. Причастие (the Participle)
- •2.9. Порядок слов в предложении
- •2.10. Эмфатические конструкции
2.3. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice)
Пассивный залог (страдательный залог) – показывает, что лицо или предмет не сам совершает действие, а над ним совершают действие.
Употребление пассивного залога:
Лицо, которое выполняет действие, неизвестно, неважно или о нем можно догадаться из контекста.
Coffee beans are grown in Brazil. – Кофейные зерна выращивают в Бразилии. (Нам не важно знать, кто выращивает кофе).
Действие само по себе более важно, чем лицо, которое его выполняет. Такая ситуация характерна для заголовков новостей, газетных статей, официальных оповещений, инструкций, реклам, процессов и т.д.
The new theatre will be opened by the Queen on June, 26. – Новый театр будет открыт королевой 26 июня. (официальное заявление).
Страдательный залог в английском языке характерен для научного стиля речи. В предложениях со сказуемым в страдательном залоге используется прямой порядок слов (т.е. подлежащее стоит перед сказуемым).
Исследовались (были исследованы) свойства радиоактивных элементов. |
The radioactive properties of elements were studied.
|
Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов
в страдательном залоге
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
Future-in- the Past |
Simple (Indefinite) |
am, is, are + 3f V |
was, were + 3fV |
shall, will + be+ 3fV |
should, would +be+3fV |
|
Papers are written every day. (Статьи пишутся каждый день). |
The paper was written yesterday. (Статья была написана вчера). |
The paper will be written tomorrow. (Статья будет написана завтра). |
(Не said that) the paper would be written the next day. – (Он сказал, что), статья будет написана завтра). |
Progressive (Continuous) |
am, is, are + being + 3f V |
was , were + being + 3fV |
|
|
|
The paper is being written now. (Статья пишется сейчас). |
He paper was being written at 2 o’clock yesterday. (Статья писалась вчера в 2 часа). |
- |
- |
Perfect |
have, has + been + 3fV |
had + been + 3fV |
shall, will + been + 3fV |
should, would + been + 3fV |
|
The paper has just been written. (Cтатья только что была на-писана). |
The paper had been written by 3 o’clock yesterday. (Статья была написана вчера к 3 часам). |
The paper will have been written by 3 o’clock tomorrow. (Статья будет написана завтра к 3 часам). |
(Не said that) the paper would have been written by 3 o’clock the next day. (Он сказал, что) статья будет написана к 3 часам завтра). |
Perfect Progressive (Continuous) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2.4. Типы вопросительных предложений
Общий вопрос |
||
Do you work? Does he live here? Are you a student? Is she reading? Has he written the letter? Was the letter written yesterday? |
Yes, I do Yes, he does Yes, I am Yes, she is Yes, he has Yes, it was |
No, I don't No, he doesn't No, I am not No, she isn't No, he hasn't No, it wasn't |
Специальный вопрос |
||
Where does she live? What is he writing? When was the letter written? Who is he? Which book was read? |
She lives in Moscow. He's writing a letter. It was written yesterday. He is Mr. Smith. Mine. |
|
Вопросительно-отрицательный вопрос |
||
Isn't she at home now? Can't they write this letter? Haven't you seen this film? Why won't they help him? |
No, she isn't. Yes, they can. No, I haven't. They don't want to. |
|
Разделительный вопрос |
||
He works much, doesn't he? She is a student, isn't she? She can read, can't she? He hasn't done it, has he? He will go there, won't he? He didn't live here, did he? He must stay here, mustn't he? |
Yes, he does. No, she isn't. Yes, she can. No, he hasn't. Yes, he will. No, he didn't. Yes, he must. |
|
Альтернативный вопрос |
||
Are you married or single? Does she speak French or English? Must he go or stay here? Was he a student or a teacher? |
I am single. She speaks English. He must go. He was a student. |
|