9) Use the vocabulary of the unit to express the following sentences in English.

1. В статье описывается теоретическое обобщение всех данных, полученных … .

2. Автором дано обоснование для применения новой методики.

3. В статье представлено научное описание эксперимента.

4. Были получены предварительные результаты.

5. Обсуждаются результаты экспериментов.

6. Обнаружено, что они подтверждают существующую гипотезу.

7. Аналогичные результаты были получены путем дальнейшего экспериментирования.

8. Предлагается (рекомендуется) еще один метод обработки.

9. Рекомендуется новый метод очистки.

10) Write an informative abstract of your own article using the key patterns and word combinations (see Appendix 1.3). Unit 4. Making and delivering a presentation

Vocabulary

• выступление, презентация – presentation

• обзорный доклад – informative report

• демонстративный доклад – indicative report

• введение – introduction

• основная часть – body

• заключение – conclusion

• выступающий – speaker / presenter

• цель выступления – purpose of presentation

• визуальные пособия – visual aids

• аудитория – audience

• содержание презентации – content of presentation

• структура презентации – structure of presentation

• подача материала – presentation delivery

• раздаточный материал – handout

• круговая диаграмма – pie chart

• столбчатая диаграмма – bar chart

• график – graph

• таблица – table

Text 1: Making a scientific presentation

Like scientific papers, oral presentations at a conference or internal seminar are for sharing your research work with other scientists. They, too, must convince the audience that the research presented is important, valid, and relevant to them. To this end, oral presentations – like papers – must emphasize both the motivation for the work and the outcome of it, and they must present just enough evidence to establish the validity of this outcome. Also like papers, they must aim to inform, not impress.

In contrast, presentations differ from papers in at least three ways: they are more localized in space and time, they impose a sequence and rhythm to the audience, and they normally include some level of interaction. These three differences affect the selection of presentation content.

Structure is even more important in presentations than it is in written reports, and needs to be emphasized at frequent intervals. One of the most common formats for presenting reports is: a welcoming and informative introduction (opening); a series of the main points presented in a logical sequence (body), purposeful conclusion (closing).

In its intent and structure, the opening of an oral presentation is similar to the introduction of a scientific paper, which provides the context, need, task, and object of the document. The opening of a presentation can best state the main message of the presentation, just before the preview. The main message is the one sentence you want your audience to remember, if they remember only one. It is your main conclusion, perhaps stated in slightly less technical detail than at the end of your presentation.

Organize your main points and subpoints into a logical sequence, and reveal this sequence and its logic to your audience with transitions between points and between subpoints. As a rule, place your strongest arguments first and last, and place any weaker arguments between these stronger ones.

After supporting your main message with evidence in the body, wrap up your oral presentation in three steps: a review, a conclusion, and a close. First, review the main points in your body to help the audience remember them and to prepare the audience for your conclusion. Next, conclude by restating your main message (in more detail now that the audience has heard the body) and complementing it with any other interpretations of your findings.

Tips for creating and delivering an effective presentation

1. Experts in communication say that the first three minutes of a presentation are the most important. Here’s how the experts suggest you get the immediate attention of the audience:

• give them a problem to think about,

• begin your speech with some amazing facts,

• give them a story or personal anecdote,

• begin your speech with a well-known quotation,

• address the audience’s needs and concerns by telling them what benefits they will gain from listening to you,

• ask something and then go on to answer it yourself.

2. The basic principles of an effective presentation are: clear structure, appropriate content, interesting delivery, good illustrations of points, audibility and visibility, keeping to time.

3. Keep to the agreed time: if it is supposed to be 20 minutes, make sure it doesn’t go on for half an hour. Don’t have more than four or five main points. People can’t usually remember more than that anyway, so make four or five your maximum.

4. Keep sentences short. On the average, most sentences should be shorter than 25 words. But sentences should vary in length and structure. Prefer simple to complex sentences and phrases. Prefer familiar word but build your vocabulary.

5. Key elements of an effective introduction include:

• a positive start: «Good afternoon, my name is …». (who)

• a statement of what will be discussed: «I’m going to explore …». (why)

• a statement of the treatment to be applied to the topic: «I’ll be comparing the four main principles of…». (what)

• a statement of the outcomes of the presentation: «I hope this will provide us with …». (why)

• a statement of what the audience will need to do (e.g. when they can ask questions or whether or not they will need to take notes): «I’ll pass round a handout that summarizes my presentation before taking questions at the end». (how)

6. Important elements of a conclusion are:

• A review of the topic and purpose of your presentation: «In this presentation I wanted to explore …».

• A statement of the conclusions or recommendations to be drawn from your work: «I hope to have been able to show that the effect of …».

• An indication of the next stages (what might be done to take this work further?): «This does of course highlight the need for further research in the area of …».

• An instruction as to what happens next (questions, discussion or group work): «I would now like to give you the opportunity to ask questions …».

• A thank-you to the audience for their attention and participation: «Thank you very much for listening».