27. Practice saying the following words.

bulkhead ['bʌlkhed]	longitude ['lɔnʤɪt(j)uːd]
chronometer [krɔ'nɔmɪtə]	pier [pɪə]
gyrocompass ['ʤaɪərəuˌkʌmpəs]	radar ['reɪdɑː]
latitude ['lætɪt(j)uːd]	sextant ['sekstənt]

28. Read and memorize the active vocabulary.

Nouns and noun phrases

aid - вспомогательные средства

automatic pilot - автоматическая система управления судном

bulkheads - переборки

chronometer - хронометр

collision - столкновение

distress signal - сигнал бедствия

docking pilot - лоцман, совершающий проводку судна

electronic navigation equipment - электронное навигационное оборудование

fire-fighting equipment - пожарное оборудование

gyrocompass - гирокомпас

high seas - открытое море; глубокие воды

latitude and longitude - широта и долгота

lifeboat - спасательная шлюпка

lifejacket - спасательный жилет

lights - огни

local harbour pilot - местный портовый лоцман

loran, for long-range navigation - Лоран (импульсная дальномерная радионавигационная система),дальняя навигация

navigator - штурман, навигатор

obstacle - препятствие

pier - пирс, причал

Plimsoll mark - грузовая марка, диск Плимсоля

radar - радиолокатор, радар; радиолокационная установка

rudder - руль

sand bar - песчаная отмель

sextant - секстант

ship officers - боцман

tugboats - буксирное судно, буксир

visibility - видимость

Verbs and verbal phrases

to accept - принимать, допускать

to calculate - высчитывать

to determine - определять

to follow - следовать

to guide - вести, проводить

to link - соединять

to measure - измерять

to navigate - вести; плавать

to prevent - предотвращать

to pull - тянуть

to reach - достигать

to require - требовать

to set on course - стать на курс

to transmit - передавать

Adjectives

accurate - точный

lifesaving - спасательный

remarkable - замечательный

successful - успешный

tried-and-true - проверенный

watertight - водонепроницаемый

READING

29. Read the text and speak on navigation equipment and safety standards for ships.

TEXT C

Navigating a Ship

When a large ship leaves port, three or four small tugboats pull it from the pier into the harbour. A docking pilot directs the tugs and the ship until the vessel clears the pier and is underway in the harbour. Every merchant ship enters and leaves port with a local harbour pilot aboard.

The harbour pilot guides the ship into the harbour or out into open water. The harbour pilot must know every channel, turn, sand bar, or other obstacle that could endanger the vessel. After a ship reaches open sea, a small boat carries the pilot back to port. The ship officers then navigate the vessel to its destination.

As sailors have done for thousands of years, the navigator checks the position by observing the sun, moon, planets, and stars. For hundreds of years, the most important navigation devices have included a compass to tell direction, a chronometer to tell the exact time and help to determine a ship's longitude, and a sextant to calculate a ship's latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or of a star above the horizon.

At present time modern ships also have highly accurate electronic navigation equipment. One system determining their position through radio signals is called loran, for long-range navigation. With loran, an accurate position can be obtained in bad weather and poor visibility without a compass, chronometer, or sextant. Many ships also can determine their position by signals that are transmitted from orbiting satellites.

Modern ships also carry radar. At night and in bad weather, a ship's radar can spot icebergs, rocks, and other vessels in time to prevent a collision. Some modern ships also have an automatic pilot, which, after a ship has been set on course, holds it there. This device is linked to gyrocompass, which determines direction, and it operates the rudder automatically. In spite of all these remarkable devices, navigators still also use the tried-and-true compass, chronometer, and sextant.

Many ships have automatic navigation aids and automatic devices to speed up the loading and unloading of cargo.

To provide successful navigating some measures and safety standards for ships have been set up by International Safety of Life at Sea conventions, which were held in 1914, 1929, 1948, 1960, and 1972. The standards require that ships have watertight bulkheads, fire-fighting equipment; and enough lifeboats, life jackets, and other lifesaving equipment. In addition, ships must follow the International Rules of the Road which deal with such points as the rights of way of ships on the high seas, the lights ships must show, and the signals that ships must give in fog and during times of distress.

In 1930, all the leading seafaring countries accepted rules set up by the International Load Convention to keep ships from being overloaded. These rules require that cargo ships have a series of short lines painted on their side to show the depth to which the vessels may be safely loaded. The lines are called Plimsoll marks. They are named after Samuel Plimsoll who brought about their adoption in Great Britain's Merchant Shipping Act of 1876. In 1966, the world's maritime nations agreed to new rules that raised the limits to which ships may be safely loaded.

VOCABULARY