1. Find the English equivalents in the text:

1. скрепления

2. рельс

3. древесина

4. бесстыковой путь, путь из сварных рельсовых путей

5. щебень

6. распределять нагрузку

7. стыковые рельс

8. свободный водоотвод

9. сплошная плита

10. затраты, стоимость

130. Word formation. Form the adjectives from the given words using these suffixes: -ic, -al, -ous, -less, -ive:

1. In the morning they had a __________ continental breakfast. (tradition)

2. The latest ______________ research shows that our galaxy is expanding. (science)

3. She was _________ to find out what the parcel contained. (curiosity)

4. The children go to one of these ____________ schools where new educational standards has been introduced. (progress)

5. It was a ___________ night when everyone can see millions of stars in the dark sky. (cloud)

6. The room is _______________ enough to place a big Christmas tree. (space)

7. This company is offering a very ______________ salary. (attract)

131. Relative clauses. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with which, who, where, when, whose:

1. Cut spikes are large nails with an offset head ________ are used to secure rails and base plates to railroad ties in the track.

2. George Stephenson was an English engineer _________ built a successful steam locomotive “Rocket”.

3. In the 19^th century most people were afraid of railways _________ they first appeared.

4. Richard Trevithick, _______ working model of a steam locomotive was demonstrated in 1808, first attempted to use the steam engine to draw passengers and freight trains.

5. The first steam locomotive in Russia was built by the Cherepanovs ________ were talented and skilled workman of their time.

6. The place _________ the ends of the rails meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

7. The railroads have a switch ________ makes the trains pass from one track to another.

8. Russia is the country ________ the uniform gauge of 1,520 mm is adopted.

132. Discussion Corner.

1. The evolution of railways

2. Track gauge

3. Switches and crossings

4. Famous civil engineers of the world

5. Railroad ecology

References:

www.railwaygazette.com

www.wikipedia.com The newspaper "Gudok" 16 July 2012

UNIT 5. DOUBLE-DECK TRAIN CONCEPT

Vocabulary

bilevel/ double-deck – двухъярусный / двухэтажный

passenger capacity – пассажировместимость

derived from – производное от

a gauge – колея

the centre of gravity – центр тяжести

entry – выпуск, производство

access – вход, доступ

a ramp – пандус

a carriage building factory – вагоностроительный завод

seat-back entertainment systems – мультимедийная система в спинке кресла

wheelchair facilities – устройства для инвалидных кресел

a snackbar – бар-буфет

bulky luggage – крупногабаритный багаж

CCTV – система видеонаблюдения

The bilevel car (AE) or double-decker coach (BE) is a type of rail car that has two levels of passenger accommodation, as opposed to one, increasing passenger capacity. In some countries such vehicles are commonly referred to as dostos, derived from the German Doppelstockwagen. Bilevel trains are claimed to be more energy efficient, and may have a lower operating cost per passenger.

The height of the cars can limit their use, especially in countries with low loading gauge. In some countries such as the UK new lines are built to a larger than standard gauge to allow the use of double-deck trains in future. The high passenger capacity can create flow and problems at train stations when much larger numbers of passengers try to board or get off at the same time.

The double-deck design usually includes lowering the bottom floor to below the top level of the wheels, closer to the rails, and then adding an upper floor above. Such a design will fit under more bridges, tunnels and power wires (structure gauge). For cost and safety, this design also minimizes car height and lowers the centre of gravity.

Depending on train station platform heights, three designs can be used for entry - high platforms require use of a "split level" car design, where the doors are located on a middle level, with access into the upper or lower level branching off - with stairs or ramps going both up and down. For low train station platforms, a "two floor" design with level entry onto the lower floor is used. Occasionally a third, very tall "two floors over-wheel" design is used. This is a traditional single floor car "with a second story" design with, when using low platform, requires steps up to a traditional floor height and then internal stairs up to the upper floor.

In 2012, a prototype double-decker rail carriage was made at the TVZ Tver Carriage Building Factory for the RZD Russian Railways company. This prototype carriage is a sleeping car with four-berth compartments and a total capacity of 64 passengers. Russian Railways ordered double-decker sleeper carriages from Transmashholding for the Adler-Moscow train service.

Transmashholding is expected to begin the production of 160 km/h double-deck trainsets for inter-regional services in 2014, with the first trains used on routes from Moscow to Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula and Kaluga.

Each train will comprise between six and 12 double-deck coaches from TMH's Tver works. According to TMH, the height of double-deck stock means there would be no roof or under-floor space for the electrical equipment needed for an electric multiple-unit. The air-conditioned coaches will have three classes, business class featuring seat-back entertainment systems, standard class having a 2+2 seating arrangement and economy class 3+2. There will also be wheelchair facilities, a snackbar, space for bulky luggage and CCTV.

Exercises: