111. Are the sentences true or false?

• There are three main forecasts you need to make starting business.

_________________

• Your figures in forecasting should have some grounding in fact.

_________________

• You have to underestimate the mental anguish and financial problems which can be caused by a struggling business.

_________________

112. Tick the correct sentence.

• ______ Forecasts are the kernel of your business.

• ______ Forecasts is the kernel of your business.

• ______ Making a widely inaccurate forecasts can to lead to raising insufficient funds.

• ______ Making a wildly inaccurate forecasts can lead to raising insufficient funds.

• ______ Making no forecasts at all is even sillier.

• ______ Making no forecasts at all even sillier.

• ______ You must constantly strive to seek information on which forecasts can be based.

• ______ You must constantly strive seek, information on which forecasts сan be based.

113. Find the sentences with Complex Object and translate them:

1. 1. He wanted us to do forecasting.

2. I expect you to tell me everything about decisions to be made.

3. I suppose her to be a manager.

4. The staff does not consider him to be a bankrupt.

5. The engineer expected the work to be done in time.

B. 1. She felt somebody close the ledger.

2. We heard him come at our office.

3. Have you ever seen the balance – sheet?

4. I heard him mention my report on forecasting.

References:

Williams Sara, Small Business Guide, London, UK – 2007 – pp. 256, 257

UNIT 4. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Vocabulary

Diesel – дизельный, тепловозный

Electric traction – электрическая тяга

Lateral wear – боковой износ

Wheel flange – колесная реборда

Crankshaft – коленчатый вал

Breakage – повреждение

Cylinder – цилиндр

Become more pronounced – стать более заметным

Light beam reflection error – отражение луча света с допуском

Indispensable – необходимый, обязательный

With the conversion of railways to diesel and electric traction, the lateral wear of rails and wheel flanges has become more pronounced; there are also cases of crankshaft breakage and scoring of diesel cylinder liners.

Investigations carried out have established the fact that one of the reasons causing heavier wear of some of the diesel locomotive elements is insufficient accuracy in the manufacture of fitting units and parts, both when manufacturing and repairing locomotives.

Investigation disclosed that increase in accuracy was diffi­cult to attain with conventional measuring instruments normally employed, such as straight edges, triangles, shaft gauges, etc., which have less accuracy than tolerance specified by the design, for the permitted deflection of the axis of the diesel crank­shaft saddles when assembling is 0.05 mm, whereas the deflection of the shaft gauge or straight edge used for these measurements equals 0.06 to 0.08 mm; the non-perpendicularity of the wheel-pair axis to the bogie frame axis permitted is 1.0 to 1.5 mm.

To reduce breakages and extensive wear, repair shops and locomotive depots of the railways are now using special optical instruments, which are capable of measuring misalignment, out- of- squareness and paralleled misalignment with an error of 0.01 per 1 ,000 mm length (for diesel engines) and an error of 0.05 per 1,000 mm length ( in the instruments for bogie frames).

The use of optical instruments does not require special conditions, and may be carried out under normal workshop conditions.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What was recently done to rise quality of locomotive repa­iring?

365. What is considered under the quality management in locomo­tive design?

366. What accuracy level of measurement is normal for locomotive axes?

367. What drawbacks did investigation disclose in the process of measurement?

368. Does the use of optical instruments require special condi­tions? Why?

Exercises: