АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК В ПРОФЕССИИ

Учебное пособие

Часть 1

Под ред. Лаловой Т.И.

1 - стр.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

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ENGLISH IN BRIDGE ENGINEERING. 4

UNIT 1. AN EARLY HISTORY OF BRIDGE BUILDING 4

UNIT 2. BRIDGES CLASSIFICATION. 5

UNIT 3. BRIDGE OR TUNNEL. 8

UNIT 4. REINFORCED CONCRETE AND BEAM BRIDGES. 10

UNIT 5. TIMBER AND MASONRY BRIDGES. 13

ENGLISH IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 16

UNIT 1. HARD TO REACH... HOW TO PROMOTE. 16

UNIT 2. SUCCESS. PASSION INTO PROFIT 18

UNIT 3. IMAGE OF A COMPANY OR PRODUCT 20

UNIT 4. ETIQUETTE. BAD MANNERS AT WORK. 23

UNIT 5. DATA. NO PRIVACY 25

ENGLISH IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION. 27

UNIT 1. HEALTH AND SAFETY. 27

UNIT 2. THE BUILDING TEAM. 30

UNIT 3. CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS. 32

UNIT 4. CIVIL CONSTRUCTION. 34

UNIT 5. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. 36

ENGLISH IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN. 38

UNIT 1. WHAT IS A COMPUTER? 39

UNIT 2. THE DIGITAL AGE. 41

UNIT 3. WHAT IS INSIDE A PC SYSTEM? 43

UNIT 4. COMPUTER LANGUAGES. 45

UNIT 5. COMPUTERS FOR THE DISABLED. 47

ENGLISH IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING. 50

UNIT 1. PROBLEMATIC PASSION OF HAVING A CAR. 50

UNIT 2. HOW TRAFFIC PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED 51

UNIT 3. HURRICANE LANDFALL SITE PROTECTION. 53

UNIT 4. RIGHT-OF-WAY 55

UNIT 5. ROAD SURFACE 56

ENGLISH IN LAND CADASTER. 59

UNIT 1. LAND USE PLANNING. 59

UNIT 2. THE TYPES OF LAND USE PLANNING. 60

UNIT 3. WHAT IS LAND CADASTRE. 62

UNIT 4. ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN LAND CADASTRE. 64

UNIT 5. PROBLEM OF AUTOMATING LAND RECORDS. 65

ENGLISH IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 69

UNIT 1. OCCUPATION OR PROFESSION? 69

UNIT 2. GETTING THE RIGHT STAFF. 70

UNIT 3. FORECASTING 72

UNIT 4. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 74

UNIT 5. REINFORCED -CONCRETE PRODUCTIОN 75

ENGLISH IN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION. 77

UNIT 1. EUROSTAR TOPS 10 MILLION PASSENGERS 77

UNIT 2. HOUSTON OPENS SECOND LIGHT RAIL LINE 79

UNIT 3. RAILWAY STATIONS 81

UNIT 4. RAILWAY TRACK CONSTRUCTION 83

UNIT 5. DOUBLE-DECK TRAIN CONCEPT 85

ENGLISH IN RAILWAY MAINTENANCE. 88

UNIT 1. EARTH TRACK SOLUTIONS – RAILS SLEEPER REPLACEMENT, TRACK MAINTENANCE AND CONSTRUCTION. 88

UNIT 2. NETWORK RAIL COMPANY. 91

UNIT 3. NETWORK RAIL COMPANY. 93

UNIT 4. SPERRY RAIL - RAIL FLAW DETECTION SYSTEMS. 96

UNIT 5. SPERRY RAIL - RAIL FLAW DETECTION SYSTEMS. 98

ENGLISH IN TUNNEL ENGINEERING. 100

UNIT 1. TUNNELS. 100

UNIT 2. HISTORY OF TUNNELING 103

UNIT 3. TUNNEL JOBS. 107

UNIT 4. TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. 111

UNIT 5. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS. 114

English in bridge engineering.

UNIT 1. AN EARLY HISTORY OF BRIDGE BUILDING

Vocabulary.

Legacy – наследие

Masonry arch bridge - арочный мост каменной кладки

Wedge – вклинивать

Semicircular – полукруглый

Flood – наводнение

Prolific – плодовитый

Anew – заново

A flair for engineering – талант к инженерии

Amateur - любительский

The Romans' legacy to bridge building was the heavy masonry arch bridge, hundreds of which were built throughout Europe. In this, large stone blocks were wedged against each other to form an arch. The central stone at the top of the arch was known as the keystone. The finest surviving example of such a bridge is the Pons Fabricius in Rome. Completed in 62 BC, the bridge (now called the Ponte Quattro Capi) has two fine semicircular arches each spanning 78 feet. A small "relief" arch in the central sponging of the two main arches releases excess water in times of flood.

So prolific and efficient was Roman building that it was hundreds of years before Europeans took to bridge building anew. Then, in the 12th century, Catholic priests and professionals took over the building of bridges because the Church recognized the advantages of good road communications in a developing society. In France, a group of interested priests formed a new order, the Freres du Pont, to design and build lasting bridges. Most famous of this order's works was the Pont d' Avignon, built in 1177 over the Rhone River. It had 21 arches in all, the longest spanned 115 feet. Similarly, in England, it was Peter de Colechurch who designed and built the first stone bridge over the Thames, the famous London Bridge. The architect-priest Giovanni Giocondo (c. 1433-1515) who used the segmental arch in Paris’ first masonry bridge, built in 1507, did another.

Until the late 17th century, bridges continued to be designed and built largely by priests or architects with a flair for engineering. But such complex and essential work could not rest in the hands of gifted amateurs forever. In 1716, French army engineers took the lead on the rest of the world in bridge building.

Answer the questions:

1. What were the earliest building materials for bridges?

2. Who were the first architects in bridge engineering?

3. What building materials were used by Romans?

4. When was built the earliest bridge in France?

5. Who took the lead on the rest of the world in bridge building and when?

EXERCISES: