Библиографический список

1. Внешнеэкономическая деятельность предприятия: Учебник для вузов/Л.Е. Стровский, С.К. Казанцев, Е.А. Паршина и др./ Под ред. проф. Л. Е. Стровского. — М: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2002. – 847 с.

2. Приказ Министерства транспорта № 36 от 13.02.2013 г.

3. Транспортная стратегия Российской Федерации до 2020 года.

УДК 625.7

студент Ли Д.В.

Сибирская государственная автомобильно-дорожная академия (СибАДИ), Омск

Abstract: This article touches upon the road network in the UK, its history, improvements made in the second half of the XX century and a road strategy nowadays.

Аннотация: Данная статья касается дорожной системы в Соединенном Королевстве, ее истории, улучшений, сделанных во второй половине XX века и дорожной стратегии сегодняшнего времени.

Key words: road, network, road type, various categories, improvement, investment strategy.

Ключевые слова: дорога, сеть, тип дороги, различные категории, улучшение, инвестиционная стратегия

ROADS IN THE UK

Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour (mph) or by the use of the national speed limit (NSL) symbol. Length of roads is 398350 km, 3,557 is highways. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters. Enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers [1].

UK Road Types include freeways, major highways, minor highways, primary streets, streets, private roads, parking roads, dirt roads. For example, major highways are A-class roads that are classified as Primary Routes. Private roads refer to roads with no access for the general public, or public road with legal prohibition on through routing in both directions (normally "private road" sign, "no motor vehicles except for access" sign, or a closable gate) [2].

Roads in the UK are classified as M (Motorway), A, or B roads, as well as various categories of more minor roads: for internal purposes, local authorities may also use C, D and U (the letter standing for "Unclassified"). Each road is given a number which is combined with the prefix, for example M40, A40 and B1110, although their informal or traditional names may still be used or heard occasionally: for instance, the Great North Road (now part of the A1) and the Great Cambridge Road (modern A10). These numbers follow a zonal system. There is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major inter-urban routes are motorways, and they are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the primary route network. A primary route is defined as:

(a) in the case of a trunk road is of the opinion, and

(b) in any other case after consultation with the traffic authority for the road comprised in the route is of the opinion, that it provides the most satisfactory route for through traffic between places of traffic importance.

A new standard was set in April 2015 to formally designate certain high-quality routes as Expressways, but whether this will result in any existing road classifications changing is unclear.

The earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation. Some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards. In many ways modern new roads remain unchanged. Design standards regarding the hard shoulder, width of lanes and overhead clearance through bridges were settled in the earliest days of motorway design and are no different today [3].

Improvements have been made over the years, however; in the late 1960s continuous central crash barriers were included in the specification, and were retrofitted onto existing roads. From the early 1970s electronic message signs and emergency telephones were added as standard and retrofitted too. Since the early 1960s, requirements for the maximum curvature of the road and for maintaining clear forward visibility have improved.

Whilst control has been transferred from local to central bodies and back again, current management and development of the road network is shared between local authorities, the devolved administrations of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Highways Agency. Certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament.

Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to major development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become increasingly controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition.

There is a road investment strategy in the UK. An ambitious £15 billion plan to triple levels of spending by the end of the decade to increase the capacity and condition of England’s roads was announced to Parliament 1 December 2014 by Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin and Chief Secretary to the Treasury Danny Alexander. The government is investing in more than 100 new road schemes over this parliament and next, 84 of which are brand new today [4].

Over 1,300 new lane miles will be added by schemes being delivered over the next parliament on motorways and trunk roads, tackling congestion and fixing some of the most notorious and longstanding problem areas on the network. When 90% of journeys are taking place on our roads this work is vital to help people get on and get around.

Научный руководитель – Г.Н. Мусагитова, канд. пед. наук, доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» СибАДИ, Омск.