Библиографический список

1. Construction Standard CS3:2013 - Aggregates for Concrete;

2. General Specification for Civil Engineering Works 1992 Edition.

УДК 629.33

Аширов А.Р., Бригида Д.В.

Сибирская государственная автомобильно-дорожная академия (СибАДИ), Омск

Abstract: The subject of this article is innovations in motor-car industry since the nineties that concern the body shape and headlights. The models of the American firms Chrysler and Ford are considered as examples.

Аннотация: Тема данной статьи – инновации в автомобильной индустрии с начала девяностых годов XX века, которые касаются формы кузова и фар. В качестве примеров рассматриваются модели американских фирм Крайслер и Форд.

Key words: body shape, design, headlights, models.

Ключевые слова: форма кузова, конструкция, фары, модели.

INNOVATIONS IN MOTOR-CAR CONSTRUCTION

IN 1990-2010.

In this article we consider innovations in a car industry concerning body shape. In the nineties there was a further development of the shape of the body theme found in the eighties.

Cars at the beginning of the nineties in fact had little difference from the style of the end of the previous decade. The main differences are the mass distribution of bumpers painted to match the body instead of the previously used black or gray, and fashion on narrower head optics.

Mid-nineties is characterized by the proliferation of so-called "bio design" imitating characteristic of wildlife sleekness. Pre-existing trend towards streamlining brought to the extremes, and cars became very round, "licked" shaped like a rounded pebbles [1].

The widespread use of computer technology in the design of car bodies has allowed to create the surface of a much more complex shape than before, and the use of a new generation of industrial robots has allowed to match such complex body panels during assembly exactly.

Those computers allowed creating headlights of practically arbitrary shape, for the first time moving away from two well- known types of optical elements - round and rectangular or close to them in the form. Despite the relatively high cost of manufacture, the lens units of complex shape immediately received a large spread due to the possibility to individualize appearance of a car using a form of headlights, to make it more distinctive. There are lights and taillights of the most complex configurations.

There was a tendency to absorb the rest - hood and trunk - by the central volume of the passenger cabin, and in the limit it was the transformation of the body into a virtually monolithic, whole wedge rounded shape. Some Chrysler models were especially close to this form with the arrangement, which received the designation brand «Cab-Forward" with an extended forward passenger cabin.

However, at the end of the nineties the first "sprouts" of modern style began to appear. In 1995, Ford Mondeo was launched, a body of which had an unusually large for those years height - 1458 mm. It became possible to create a much more spacious cabin than the competitors, with a comfortable high seating position of a driver and passengers.

In 1996, the Ford Ka comes with a revolutionary new principle of formation for that time. It for the first time used the "geometric» style of New Edge - « New Line», with his typical "computer, geometric» form of the body. In its appearance pure geometric shapes: triangles, arcs were used as much as possible. Car shape defined edges at the intersections of these figures.

In 1998, there was massive production of Ford Focus and Ford Cougar, using the same design techniques. The Focus was also characterized with a high seat of a driver and passengers, what allowed placing them as comfortably as possible and creating a spacious interior in a relatively compact car. Later, based on the same stylistic and layout solutions a model of mid-range Ford Mondeo III was created.

In 1999 model Audi TT with rational "computer" geometry of the body lines was presented to the public. Soon, the same geometry was the basis for the design of mass models of the company.

Since that time, the roundness in its purest form is replaced by a combination of rounded and faceted form elements. The trend toward merging the three volumes into one disappear - modern sedans are usually very clearly defined three-volume ones. The maximum spread of this style had already been in our time - the 2000s. Today it is used by most manufacturers of modern cars in the world.

In the late 1990s - early 2000s there was a wave of "nostalgic" design features of the past cars: usually thirties - fifties. Typical representatives of this trend, especially characteristic for the US, are Chrysler PT Cruiser and Ford Thunderbird latest generation 2002 - 2005. Subsequently, the "nostalgic" tendencies went on the decline, but the individual elements and trends remained, such as more abundant than in the preceding period the use of chromium.

Modern cars are relatively high: the height of production sedans is about 1.5 meters, it is intended to accommodate the driver and passengers optimally, to create a spacious cabin without excessive increase in the size of the car. Some cars are made even higher, for example sedan Nissan Tiida has a height of 1535 mm. This is a direct result of the previous decade characteristic in the high fashion of SUVs and minivans, as a result of which the consumers are accustomed to high landing and a spacious interior, typical for these cars [2].

Due to the high -bodies, increased waist line, thick sidewalls, higher hood and the vogue for "geometric» style modern generation of many models look much more massive compared to the previous one. It is enough to compare I30 Infiniti with the previous (1996 - 2006) model.

There is a tendency to an ever greater increase in the diameter of the wheel and tire dimensions, with a corresponding decrease in their profile. This allows not only improving the appearance of relatively high vehicles due to a better proportion and placing inside the wheel more powerful brake mechanisms of large diameter. Today, in production of passenger cars you can found also 18-inch wheels, although in the eighties, even on large sedans, a maximum of 15 - inch wheels were set.

The ideas of passive safety have begun to influence on the shape of cars, the requirements for which have increased significantly since the beginning of the crash - tests according to the program for EURO NCAP in the second half of the nineties. Shown in them low results of models considered safe caused a public outcry and active work on the creation of the safest cars.

Nowadays all world class manufacturers have brought their products to the level of compliance with the new standards of safety in a frontal collision. The need to improve safety in a side collision has led to the appearance of bodies with high, good protecting side-frame and thicker doors. Now cars have a high waist line and a relatively low roof with very thick, massive struts.

To ensure the safety of pedestrian protection it is necessary to increase the distance between the hood and the engine power unit to provide the necessary energy absorbing deformation - it leads to the appearance of cars with significantly higher hood .

In recent decades there has been widespread transition to the new high-tech automotive types of optics : ordinary headlights with classical reflector and disperser are replaced by optics with lens that gives the best light, while taillights and other additional lighting devices are made on LEDs base. At the same time transparent colorless glass rear lights and turn signals came in vogue, which are located under the colored LEDs or light bulbs instead of the characteristic for previous periods lamps with colored glass.

Научный руководитель – Г.Н. Мусагитова, кандидат филолог. наук, доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» СибАДИ, Омск.