Module 6. Cyberspace

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Term

Definition

Usage

Account (n)-аккаунт запись или отчет о финансовых расходов; средства, с помощью которых пользователь может получить доступ к компьютерной системе; Интернет-компания, принадлежащая или назначены конкретному пользователю, но хранящиеся в организации

a record or statement of financial expenditure; the means by which a user can access a computer system; an Internet-based entity owned by or assigned to a specific user, but stored in an organization

~ name/password/access/balance/ restriction/manager/policy/number/ status/ID; administrative/computer/ disabled/user/group/guest/local ~; account (v): ~ for sth, take into ~, on ~ of; on this ~; accountability (n): password ~, accountable (n): ~ to sb; (adv); accounting (n): ~ period/control/data system/device/ machine/management/software

Anonymity(n)-Анонимность.личность государство намеренно неизвестно, сокрытие

the state of being purposely unknown, concealing one’s identity

processor ~; anonym (n); anonymous (adj): ~ variable/letter/writer/server/ surfing/user;

Cf. pseudonym, alias

Avatar (n)-воплощениеср, олицетворение,наглядное проявление человека или идеи; подвижный икона-изображение человека в киберпространстве и виртуальной реальности графика

visual manifestation of a person or idea; a movable icon representing a person in cyberspace or virtual reality graphics

an ~ of selflessness, account/colorful ~; choose/change an ~;

syn. incarnation, embodiment

Block (v)-Блок (в), поставить преграду на пути; держать хлопотно пользователей из упоминаний и отправить их явный сигнал о том, что кто-то хочет иметь с ними ничего общего

put an obstacle in the way; keep a troublesome user out of one’s mentions and send them an explicit signal that one wants to have nothing to do with them

~ a(n) file/software/account/site/ mobile phone/network/anonymous user/abusing message/signal; block (n): ~ algebra/method/code; ~ of code/flats/shares; building/ control/data/memory/message/queue storage ~; blockage (n): manual/mechanical ~, the ~ factor; blocked (adj), blocker (n),

blockout (n);

syn. barrier, obstacle, impediment, hindrance; hinder, ban

ant. permit, give access, allow

Blog (n)

web + log-Блог (н), интернет + журнал, сайт поддерживается за счет индивидуального или бизнес с регулярными записями комментарии, описания событий, или других материалов, таких как графики или видео

a site maintained by an individual or a business with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video

create/maintain/add content to/ contribute to a ~, a ~ client/host/-hosting; corporate/company/ news/ business ~; blogger (n): popular/notorious ~;

(micro)blogging (n): the art of ~;

syn. online journal

Cf. splog (n)=(spam+blog)

Bookmark (n) -Закладки (н) ,полоска кожи, карты и т. д., используется для обозначения места в книге; записи адреса файла, интернет-страницы или другие данные, позволяющие быстрый доступ пользователя с

a strip of leather, card, etc., used to mark one's place in a book; a record of the address of a file, Internet page, or other data enabling quick access by a user

create/delete/share/follow a ~, a ~ list; bookmarker (n); bookmarking (n): clever/frequent/individual ~;

syn. clip, holder, marker

Browse (v)-просматривать,

обзор товаров для продажи в неторопливой и случайным образом; читать или обследования (файлы данных) через сеть

survey goods for sale in a leisurely and casual way; read or survey (data files) via a network

~ around the store/through the newspaper; ~ the web/web pages; browse (adj): a ~ list/mode; browser (n): web/popular/heavy ~, ~ interface; browsing (n): web/easy/computer ~; browsable (adj);

syn. surf

Cast (v)-бросок,

бросить что-то насильно, потому что (свет или тень), чтобы появиться на поверхности; организовать и представить в заданном виде или стиле

throw something forcefully; cause (light or shadow) to appear on a surface; arrange and present in a specified form or style

~ a(n) smile/net/anchor; ~ back/aside/down/away; ~  doubts/lots; casting (n): life ~; cast (n): web/broad/pod/milti/vod ~;

syn. emit, put on air

9 Clickbait (n)-Ссылка-приманка (н), заманивая читателей, чтобы перейти на всю историю с вводящей в заблуждение или сенсационных заголовков, как правило, с целью генерации страниц и доходы от рекламы

enticing readers to click through to the full story with a misleading or sensationalist headline, usually with the goal of generating page views and advertising revenue

~ headlines/titles/news; clickbaiting (n): engage in ~

CTR (abbr)

Clickthrough rate

a common method of reporting on the number of people who have viewed a message or a piece of content and clicked on an ad or a link

КЛИКАБЕЛЬНОСТЬ (сокр) Показатель распространенный метод отчетности о количестве людей, просмотревших сообщение или фрагмент контента и нажали на объявление или ссылку

Cookie (n)-печенье,

сладкое печенье; небольшой файл идентификатор, размещенный на компьютере пользователя посредством веб-сайта, который регистрирует информацию о пользователе и их предыдущие/нынешние визиты

a sweet biscuit; a small identifier file placed on a user’s computer by a Web site, which logs information about the user and their previous/current visits

~ data/file/information/sheet/

verification; ~-enabled browser; delete/steal/spy/create (automatically)/enable/disable/allow/switch on (off) ~s

Content(s) (n)-Содержание(з) (н)

sng.: a state of satisfaction; pl.: the material dealt with in a speech, literary work, etc. as distinct from its form or style; information made available by a website or another electronic medium

low fat ~; online ~ providers; be ~ with sth; ~ oneself with sth; time of ~; contentless (adj); contented (adj): feel ~;~ -based coding/information retrieval; ~ -driven document; ~ analysis/decoder /management/filtering/provider ; ~s of a book; table of ~ s; the ~s page/list/directory/ dictionary; ~s of a file/data stream/message; block/ provide/create/show/restrict the ~s

ant. form

Community (n)-Сообщество

a group of people living together in one place, especially one practicing common ownership; a web society uniting people with the same interests, social values and or other particular characteristics

the international/European/virtual/ research/information/online/user/AI ~; ~ service/center/college/facilities /health service/worker;

syn. society, group

Creep (v)-ползать

move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed; spend an extended period of time looking through someone’s profiles, photos, and videos on social media

~ up to sth/forward/back/slowly; creeping (adj); creeper (n): anonymous/irritating/fanatic/ addicted ~

syn. lurk

Cf. follow

Crowdfunding (n)-Краудфандинг

the act of soliciting donations or investments from online users who collectively raise money to support a cause or underwrite a project

vast/urgent/quick/skillful ~ ; try/succeed in/raise money through/ resort to ~

Cyber (adj)-кибер

relating to or characteristic of the culture of computers, information technology, and virtual reality

~ age/space/warfare/ crime/life/criminal/offence/theft/ cash/culture/mail/café/sport/ terrorism/citizen/phobia/security/ slacker/speak/squatting/stalking; cybernated (adj): ~ humanity; cybernation (n): of the world; cybernaut (n); cybernetic (adj): ~ approach/control/machine/model/ system; cybernetics (n); cyborg (n);

syn. virtual

E- (pfx)-указывая на использование электронной передачи данных в киберпространстве, особенно через Интернет

indicating the use of electronic data transfer in cyberspace, especially through the Internet

~-mail/book/journal/commerce/ banking/learning/cash/zine/crime/

literacy/business/culture/government/library/payment/publishing/voting

18. Значок смайлик (н) эмоции + Значок смайлик (н) эмоции + Значок смайлик (н) эмоции + Значок смайлик (н) эмоции +

Emoticon (n) Emotion + icon

Значок смайлик (н) эмоции +

a representation of a facial expression such as a smile or a frown, formed by various combinations of keyboard characters and used in electronic communications to convey the writer's feelings or intended tone

a(n) strange/(in)appropriate/ (ir)relevant/funny/angry/vertical/ horizontal/sticker ~; send/attach/add/choose an ~;

syn. smiley

FAQ (acr) Frequently asked questions

часто задаваемые вопросы

a text file containing a list of questions and answers relating to a particular subject, esp. the one giving basic information for users of an Internet newsgroup

publish/consult/ignore/look through/find the answer in ~;

Cf. FAQL (frequently asked question list)

Feed (v)-Кормить

frequently updated content subscription to which allows to read the latest posts or watch the newest videos on a computer or any portable device

latest/abusing/parallel ~; web/news/events/line/power ~; (un)subscribe to a ~

Forum (n)-Форум

a meeting or medium where ideas and views on a particular issue can be exchanged; an online discussion site

a(n) discussion/international ~; join/provide a ~ for sb/sth; post sth on a ~; World Telecommunication ~; Independent Software Developers ~; pl. fora

syn. conference, newsgroup

Geotagging (n)-Геотаггинг

the process of adding location-based metadata to media such as photos, video or online maps

automatic/precise/user’s ~; use/

resort to/refer to/be guided by ~

Link (n)-Ссылка

a relationship between two things or situations; a reference in an electronic document that lets a user display or activate another document or program; a reference to data that the reader can directly follow by clicking

perma/hyper/data/cable/fiber-optic/implicit /logical/transmission/ transport ~; follow/click on/build/ manage/control a ~; a ~ access/address/control/error/file;

linked (adj): a ~ list/document/ communication; link-up (n): a live satellite ~; linkable (adj):a ~ cycle; linkability (n): ~ of devices/equipment; linkage (n): external/internal ~;

syn. tie, connection,

(cross-) reference,

Cf. liason

Log (v)-Журнал

enter (an incident or fact) in the log of a ship or aircraft or in another systematic record; go through the procedures to begin (or conclude) using a computer system

~ in to/out of a server; log (n): a ~ command/entry/file/journal/ message/server; logger (n): site/internet ~; logged (adj): ~ data/drive; logger (n): data/ multichannel/system ~, ~ machine; logging (n): error/executive/failure/ machine time ~, ~ printer/unit;

login (n): user /remote/automatic ~; ~ name/password/directory/ procedure/prompt/command file; disable a ~;

syn. log on/off

Mail (n)-Почта

letters and parcels sent by post; electronic mail

e-/postal/snail/incoming/daily/direct ~; ~ box/edition/filter/program/ system/server/list/bot/man; send/order by ~; check/receive/redirect/delete/sort out the ~; mailable (adj);

mailing (adj): ~ list/list manager/processor/program;

syn. listserver (listserv)

Meme (n)-Meм

an element of a culture or system of behavior that may be passed from one individual to another by imitation; an image with a text, video or link describing a thought, idea, joke, or concept to be shared online

interesting/video/colorful/funny/

absurd ~; spread/track/send/ post a ~; memetic (adj): ~ algorithm/code/spread

Media (n)-медия

media (pl.): the main means of mass communication (television, radio, and newspapers) regarded collectively;

medium (sng.): a means by which sth is communicated or expressed; a particular storage container for computer files, such as magnetic tape or a disc

(pl.) civic/social/mass/local/ broadcasting/multi/interactive/

network/communication ~, ~ art/event/ library/studies/processor/-specific;

~ access/control/adapter/computer/ frequency; ~-capacity/-run/-sized;

(sng) information-carrying/input/output/ interactive/magnetic/recording/ storage/transfer (non)volatile ~; the ~ of instruction

syn. means

Monitor (v)

observe and check the progress or quality of sth over a period of time; observe some activities and measure them against benchmark policies and rules

~ activity/function/signal; monitor (n): black and white/color/CRT/ refreshed/ enhanced RGB/system/ flat-screen/LCD/LED/thin-film/VGA/TV ~; ~ amplifier/display/ mode/signal/switch; monitored (adj); monitoring (n): call/low-battery/performance/security threat/heat/pulse/remote access ~, ~ of production/ performance/tool breakage; ~ equipment/technology/ window;

syn. control, check, audit

Navigate (v)

guide (a vessel or vehicle) over a specified route, especially with difficulty, by using instruments or maps; move around a website, the Internet, etc.

a vessel/around the Web/a car through the traffic; be ~ed by the stars; ~ skillfully; ~; navigable (adj): ~ path/waterway; navigating (adj): ~ officer; navigation (n): electronic ~, ~ aids/air radar/area/button/canal/ computer/control/electronics/ facilities/instrument/kit/support/

satellite; navigational (adj): database/guidance/parameter/ query; navigator (n): television/driver’s/GSM ~

Password (v)

a secret word or a phrase that must be used to gain admission to a place; a string of characters that allows sb access to a computer system

generate/change/supply/enter a ~; multi (single)-user/one-time ~, ~ ageing/authentication/changing/ identification/logout/security/ verification; ~-protected;

Cf. identification, login

Post (v)

send by post; display (a notice) in a public place; make (information) available on the Internet; send (a message) to an Internet bulletin board or newsgroup

~ a message/status; ~ on the wall/Internet/site; ~ in sb’s blog; post (n): place a ~, a ~ bag/boy/card/ box/exchange/office; postal (adj): ~ address/code/service/transaction; send/receive by ~; provocative/clever/funny ~;

syn. mail, correspondence, public message

Cf. poste restante

Site (n)

an area of ground on which a town, building, or monument is constructed; (short for website) an Internet location that maintains one or more web pages

do sth on ~; ~ visits; a landfill ~; appear/post on the ~; close/block/ban/develop/design/ control/address/administer/compromise a ~;

~ admin/control/database/ development/license/name/ safety/server/testing; a spyware ~;

syn. place, location, spot

Spam (n) 

irrelevant or inappropriate messages sent on the Internet to a large number of newsgroups or users for advertizing purposes

send/receive/delete/block/report/ avoid ~; ~ filter/bot/buster/victim; spammer (n): annoying/irritating/ advertising ~; spamming (n): ~ of mailboxes/accounts; spamster (n);

syn. junk mail

Status (n)

relative social or professional position; the current condition a device or a user is in

~ of the person/bill, ~ bar/error/ control/monitoring/indicator/message/report; update/post/ delete/change/announce/

maintain/preserve/restore the ~; availability/(in)active/current ~; statutory (adj): ~ order/instrument;

syn. state, position

Cf. status quo

Stream (n)

a long, narrow strip of material used as a decoration or symbol; a continuous flow of data or instructions, typically one having a constant or predictable rate

TV/radio/video/information/ communication/file/input/output/ manager/mode/flow ~; ~ of data; instruction/media ~; stream (v); streamed (adj): ~ content/students; streamer (n): a plastic/party/multi-coloured ~ ; decorate/adorn with ~s; digital recording ~; streaming (adj): TV/video ~, audio ~;

syn. poster, slogan, flood

Trace (v)

follow or mark the course or position of sth; find or discover sth by investigation

~ a(n) signal/person/activity/actions; ~ sth back; trace (n): electrical/path/program/return/ reverse/signal ~; ~ analysis/ filter/interval/leakage/method/ scheduling; traceable (adj): barely ~; traceability (n); traced (adj): ~ profile; traceless (adj): ~ matrix/operator; tracer (n): ~ activity;

syn. track

Thread (n)-Нить

a long, thin strand of fibers used in sewing or weaving; a topic or subtopic within an electronic discussion group or forum; a programming structure or process linking a number of separate elements concurrently executed in multithreading

execution/discussion/main/single ~, ~ group/ID/ package/time/detector(ion)/

failure/formation; start/close/ continue/limit a ~;

thread (v): ~ a needle;

threaded (adj): ~ file;

threading (n): multi ~, ~ facility/tool

Virtual

not physically existing as such but made by software to appear to do so; an online computer-simulated space

~ world/reality/function/address/ business/call/network/channel/ community/computer/connection/ database/device/directory/disk/library/meeting/memory/server/storage; virtualization (n): ~ engine/ implementation/management/ platform/software/technique/

technology; virtualize (v); virtually (adv): ~ impossible; virtuality (n);

syn. cyber

ant. real, actual

Web

World Wide Web-Веб Всемирная Паутина

a widely used information system on the Internet enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another

~ conferencing/casting/publishing/ browsing/programming; ~ page/address/application/ browser/designer/document/host/ interface/infrastructure/server/space/cast; ~-based administration/ email/solution;

syn. the Internet, global network

Cf. webinar, web-master, webcam, webisode, webzine

Wiki

(from the Hawaiian “wiki wiki” which means “super fast”) a website or database developed collaboratively by a community of users, allowing any user to add and edit content

~pedia/books; media ~; ~leaks

Cf. encyclopedia

1. block

2. community

3. emoticon

4. forum

5. link

6. monitor

7. WWW

1. virtual

2. block

3. log in

4. snail mail

5. implicit

6. external

7. anonymous

Noun

Verb

Adjective

Adverb

accountably

link

mail

monitored

navigable

stream

trace

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

cyber

Verb

Target vocabulary unit

a blog

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

contents

Adjective/Noun

Target vocabulary unit

feed

Verb

Target vocabulary unit

cookies

Target vocabulary unit

Noun

e-

Target vocabulary unit

Adjective/Noun

password

1. anonymity

A. a small identifier file placed on a user’s computer by a Web site, which logs information about the user and their previous/current visits for the use of the site next time the user makes contact

2. avatar

B. a location connected to the Internet that maintains one or more web pages

3. clickbait

C. the state of being purposely unknown, concealing one’s identity

4. CTR

D. a text file containing a list of questions and answers relating to a particular subject

5. cookie

E. a movable icon representing a person in cyberspace or virtual reality graphics

6. FAQ

F. a common metric for reporting on the number of people who viewed a message or piece of content and clicked on the ad or link

7. meme

G. an image with text, video or link describing a thought, idea, joke, or concept to be shared online

8. site

H. web content with a misleading or sensationalist headline that entices readers to click through to the full story, usually with the goal of generating page views and advertising revenue

Concepts

Type of logical relations

1. a cookie – spying

A. general and specific

2. trace –track

B. cause and effect

3. mail – postal mail

C. contrast

4. virtual – real

D. equivalence

5. a post – a site

E. part and whole

6. cookie - tracking

F. method and purpose

7. www – site

emoticon – meme

blog – site

wikipedia - encyclopedia

log- blog

www – the Internet – cyberspace

avatar – icon

1. bookmark

2. FAQ

3. e-mail

4. password

5. status

6. thread

7. account

Concept

Advantages

Disadvantages

1. cookie

2. geotagging

3. navigator

4. spam

5. avatar

6. crowdfunding

7. wikipedia

1

Mark the odd word: a) block b) permit c) give access d) allow

2

Alexandria is _________ by a network of railway and telegraph lines to the other towns of Egypt. a) linked b) linking c) linkage d) links

3

What is the logical relationship between the concepts “virtual – real”:

a) general and specific b) cause and effect c) method and purpose d) contrast

4

All of these are synonymous to the word “link” EXCEPT FOR:

a) tie b) connection c) cross-reference d) thread

5

E-mail and spam differ mostly by their ___.

a) size b) time of delivery c) purpose d) medium of delivery

6

A location connected to the Internet that maintains one or more web pages is known as a ___. a) blog b) cookie c) site d) link

7

What is the logical relationship between “a blog” and “an online journal”:

a) general – specific b) method – purpose c) part – whole d) equivalence

8

What is the logical relationship between “mail” and “postal mail”:

a) general – specific b) method – purpose c) part – whole d) equivalence

9

A blog and a forum differ mostly by their:

a) purpose b) number of authors c) location d) topic

10

Everybody can contribute ___ Wikipedia.

a) with b) in c) to d) for

11

A movable icon representing a person in cyberspace is known as a(n) ___.

a) avatar b) meme c) emoticon d) smiley

12

Computers account ____ 5% of the country's commercial electricity consumption.

a) with b) in c) for d) on

13

Mark the odd word: a) account b) accountability c) accountant d) accountable

14

_________ TV is gaining more and more popularity.

a) stream b) streaming c) streamer d) streamed

15

Which of the following concepts denotes physical connection:

a) www b) landline c) the Internet d) cyberspace

16

Maintaining a site with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material is called ____. a) browsing b) blogging c) chatting d) feeding

17

The programmer successfully ____ some of software bugs.

a) traceless b) traced c) tracing d) trace

18

All of these deal with “data rate” EXCEPT FOR:

a) bandwidth b) clickbaiting c) throughput d) data transfer capacity

19

All of these collocate with the noun “crowdfunding” EXCEPT FOR:

a) succeed in b) allocate c) raise money through d) try

20

All of these collocate with the noun “password” EXCEPT FOR:

a) ageing b) stalking c) generation d) authentication