Free International University of Moldova

Faculty of Letters

Institute of Philological and Intercultural Researches

TATIANA PODOLIUC

AN INTRODUCTION TO TEXT GRAMMAR

A Textbook with Exercises

Chişinău,ULIM -2016

Recommended for publication by the Senate of the Free International University of Moldova (Procés verbal N 7, June 29, 2016)

Recomandatsprepublicare de SenatulUniversităţiiLibereInternaţionale din Moldova (Process verbal nr.7 din29 iunie 2016)

Editor Publisher:Ana GUŢU,prof. univ. dr., ULIM

Redactor-in-chief:Victor UNTILĂ, conf. univ.dr. ULIM

Executive Editor: Inga STOIANOV, Ph.D.,Associate Professor, ULIM

Science Editor:ZinaidaCAMENEV, Ph.D., Associate Professor, ULIM

Reviewers:

Viorica LIFARI, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Moldova State University

ZinaidaCAMENEV, Ph.D., Associate Professor, ULIM

Podoliuk, Tatiana. An Introduction to Text Grammar / Tatiana Podoliuk. – Chişinău : ULIM, 2016. – 128 p. 100 ex. ISBN 978-9975-124-87-4. 811.111'36 (075.8) P 73

Preface

Text Grammar is a special section of the English grammar which surpasses the sentence level. Sometimes it is called “Stylistic Syntax”, “Text Syntax” and the main aim of it is to show that there are grammar rules which are applied to the structure of the text. Text grammar shows how lexical units are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction. Any text is a set of connected sentences. The main characteristics of a text is its informative character which can be achieved by different means. The connection (coherence) of the sentences in the text is provided with semantic and grammatical means. Any text has a definite theme which shows the intention of the author of the text. A text is not limited in its size, it can be as big as it is needed for the sense disclosing. Any correct text has a beginning, an end, a body and it can be easily titled. A similar term is a discourse.

This book is intended for the second year students who have a deep knowledge of the first two parts of the English grammar: that is morphology and syntax. It consists of two parts. In the first part main terminology and notions of text grammar are presented. In the second part there are texts for grammar analysis. Students of advanced level still have gaps in their knowledge, gaps that become increasingly apparent as they put the language in a written form. This book will help students to locate and correct their problems with or without the help of the teacher. The book is not a comprehensive review of all aspects of text grammar, but its units cover the vast majority of language problems that arise in the writing of an academic and business setting. The book is built on the principles of functional grammar that means that all examples which support this or that text grammar phenomena are taken from living texts usually with no editing at all. It is essential for a learner of English to learn from actual examples, examples that can be trusted because they have been used in real communication. All exercises and texts used in this book are taken from British and American sources.

Contents part I 5

UNIT 1. THE NOTION OF A TEXT 6

UNIT II.COHESION IN THE TEXT 12

UNIT III. REFERENCE 21

UNIT IV. SUBSTITUTION 30

UNIT V. ELLIPSIS 39

UNIT VI. CONJUNCTION 49

UNIT VII. LEXICAL COHESION 58

UNIT VIII. SENTENCE IN THE TEXT 66

UNIT IX. COHERENCE 75

Part II 81 texts for grammar analysis 81

TEXT 1.GRAMMAR AND LANGUAGE CHANGE 83

TEXT 2.CORRECTNESS AND STANDARDIZATION 87

TEXT 3.NOW IT’S TIME TO STEP ON THE GAS 90

TEXT 4.US Department Stores Launch Counter Attack 93

TEXT 5.ROAD RAGERS IN THE SKY 95

TEXT 6.WHY DOES JAPAN DRIVE ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE ROAD 97

TEXT 7. THE LORD OF ECONOMICS 100

TEXT 8.FASHION: WHY GREEN IS NOT THE NEW BLACK 102

TEXT 9.A CROCODILE BUMPY ROAD FROM FARM TO HANDBAG 104

TEXT 10.COCOA, COFFEE AND CAFFEINE: HOW HELPFUL (OR HARMFUL) IS A CUP OF JOI? 107

TEXT 11.RUINS WITH A VIEW 110

TEXT 12.WANT TO STAY HEALTHY ? DON’T RELY ON VITAMINS 114