Background: language

Рекомендуемые лексико-синтаксические структуры	Рекомендуемые лексические конструкции
1. Теоретическая часть
On the hypothesis of ….	on the hypothesis; assume, make (an) assumption; assuming, by assuming, on (under, with) the assumption that …
The notion to be defined is …	notion / term / concept / idea
Trying to define …	to define, obtain, estimate, evaluate, deduce, derive from; determine from; estimate, evaluate (from); calculate, compute (from); deduce, derive (from); conclude, make a conclusion, inter (from); expect from; predict from; explain from; interpret from; suggest from
The basic peculiarity of …	feature; characteristics; peculiarity; be characterized by (some feature, property etc.); have (some feature, property); be characteristic of.; be typical of …
The primary definition is given … (e.g. in the politico-economic dictionary after Azimov D.)	primary, certain, definite; usual, ordinary; given; same; different, various; similar; variable; stable; high, higher; low, lower; increased, elevated; moderate; final.
Taking into account all these characteristics …	take into account, consider, take into consideration, allow for, make allowance for; considering, taking into consideration, taking into account, allowing for, making allowance for, with the allowance for, when allowance is made for
2. Аналитическая часть
To analyze the effect of ...(e.g. price increases) on …(e.g. quantity supplied)	effect of ... on, influence of ... on; action of ... on; influence; act on (upon); affect; produce the/an affect on
The results of the analyses are reliable enough to infer …	be valid, be reliable, be useful, be of use, be helpful, be suitable, be convenient, be efficient, be adequate
(e.g. supply)…. and ….(e.g. demand) are examples of ... (e.g. market powers)	For example/for instance, ... is illustrated by (... is a good illustration of) ... is a case in point ... Scientists such as ... Such scientists as ...
Generally there are two types of economy: plan and market. Plan economy can be sub-divided, according to scale of government activity , into …	The vocabulary to be used in classifying is: ... consists of .../... comprises ... ... may be classified according to / on the basis of / depending on / upon may be divided .../... may be sub-divided .../... may be further sub-divided ...
The analyses proved the advantages of …	advantages, merits; achievement; contribution; grasp; coverage; deapth; foundation; considerations; success; survey; treatment; starting point; contain; deal with, survey, treat; adequate; clear; comprehensive; exclusive; deep; original; profound; rich; successful; various; up-to-date; extensive cover of (literature, material); a great variety of; a wide and intelligent grasp of; ... at the high level; in addition to, besides
The most serious disadvantage is …. (e.g. an inappropriate legal frame work)	disadvantages, shortcomings; mistakes; misprints; misspells; errors; lapses; omission; feature; references difficult; disappointing; erroneous; generalized; inadequate; outdated

Journal article with DOI 


Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225–229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 


Journal article without DOI (when DOI is not available)

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem medi­ ate between perceived early parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38–48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au /index.php/ejap

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigra­ tion in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73–82.

Journal article without DOI, title translated into English, print version

Guimard, P., & Florin, A. (2007). Les évaluations des enseignants en grande sec­ tion de maternelle sont-elles prédictives des difficultés de lecture au cours préparatoire? [Are teacher ratings in kindergarten predictive of reading difficul­ ties in first grade?]. Approche Neuropsychologique des Apprentissages chez l’Enfant, 19, 5–17.

Magazine article

Chamberlin, J., Novotney, A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share their research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26–29.

Online magazine article

Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/

Newspaper article

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Online newspaper article

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brains agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com 


For an entire book, use the following reference formats:

Author, A. A. (1967). Title of work. Location: Publisher.


Author, A. A. (1997). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx

Author, A. A. (2006). Title of work. doi:xxxxx


Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (1986). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

For a chapter in a book or entry in a reference book, use the following formats:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). Location: Publisher.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1993). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxx

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1995). Title of chapter or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx–xxx). doi:xxxxxxxx

Electronic version of book chapter in a volume in a series

Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L. Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1. Job analysis and the curriculum (pp. 140–146). doi:10.1037/10762-000

Proceedings published in book form

Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 4678. Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97–108). doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74607-2_9

For a doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis available from a database service, use the following reference template:

Author, A. A. (2003). Title of doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.)

Adams, R. J. (1973). Building a foundation for evaluation of instruction in higher education and continuing education (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/

1 This first sentence is a “topic sentence” for the paragraph: its function here is to form a link to the previous paragraph (which discussed shrinking markets), and to alert the reader to the topic of the current paragraph. Topic sentences are an effective way of creating logical flow in science writing.