- •Types of engines практикум
- •Передмова
- •Contents
- •Unit 1 the creation of steam engines
- •2. Discuss the following questions with a partner.
- •3. Read the text and find the expressions which mean:
- •The creation of steam engines
- •4. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to form meaningful phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •5. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- •6. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •7. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •8. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Choose the correct preposition.
- •Read the passage about the steam engine history and choose the correct word.
- •Listen to the text about the Steam Engine invention and tell your group mates what inventors are mentioned in the text.
- •Think of the endings of these sentences, then listen and check.
- •13. Discuss in pairs the meaning of the following phrases in relation to the information from the text:
- •Unit 2 steam engines: developments of the industrial revolution
- •Think of as many words as possible related to the topic “Development of steam engines”. How important were steam engines in the industrial revolution?
- •Study the diagram of James Watt’s pumping engine. How did the separate condenser which he had added to the earlier design make the steam engine more effective?
- •3. Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false. Steam engines: developments of the industrial revolution
- •4. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to form meaningful phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •5. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- •6. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •7. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •8. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Choose the correct preposition.
- •Read the passage about steam locomotives and traction engines and open the brackets.
- •11. Listen to the text about Watt Engine and compare it with the information from the text. What new facts have you known?
- •12. Define true and false sentences. Then listen and check.
- •13. Explain while answering the questions. Why:
- •Work in pairs. Discuss and list some problems early steam engines might have caused. Make your problem list and share it with your group. Support your ideas. Use the following phrases.
- •Translate the following passage about Thomas Savery’s and Denis Papin’s steam machines from Ukrainian into English.
- •Unit 3 modern high-pressure steam engines
- •Where are steam engines used today? Why is their use restricted mainly by atomic power plants and thermo-electric power stations?
- •3. Read the text and match the sentences (a-c) to the numbered spaces (1-3) in the text.
- •Modern high-pressure steam engines
- •4. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to form meaningful phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •5. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- •6. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •7. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •8. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Choose the correct preposition.
- •Read the passage about the components of steam engines and choose the correct word.
- •11. Listen to the text and chose the statement which was not mentioned in the text:
- •12. Listen to the text and insert the missing words.
- •13. Comment on the following statements if you agree or disagree:
- •Webquest. Search the Web for the information on steam cars or steam locomotives in modern times. Write a review (200-250 words) about these technologies. Consider the following points:
- •Translate the following passage about the first compound steam engine built by the British engineer and inventor Arthur Woolf from Ukrainian into English.
- •Internal-combustion engines
- •1. Work with a partner to discuss the following.
- •3. Read the text and match the questions (a-e) to the paragraphs (1-5).
- •Internal-combustion engines
- •4. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to form meaningful phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •5. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- •6. Match the English words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •7. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •8. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Choose the correct preposition.
- •Read the passage about internal combustion engine and choose the correct word.
- •11. Listen to the text and tell your groupmates what type of engine it is about.
- •12. Listen once more and choose the right word.
- •13. Comment on the following points:
- •Translate the following passage about internal combustion engine from Ukrainian into English.
- •Look at the diagram and try to explain how the open-cycle constant-pressure gas-turbine engine works.
- •Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
- •4. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to form meaningful phrases. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •5. Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
- •6. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •7. Match each word from the text with its synonym.
- •8. Match the words with their definitions.
- •Choose the correct preposition.
- •Read the passage about gas turbine and open the brackets.
- •11. Listen to the text about the turbine and tell what the text is about:
- •12. Listen to the text once more and insert the necessary word.
- •13. Answer the questions.
- •14. Work in groups a, b, c, and d. Each group will read the information on the different types of a gas turbine engine. Listen and complete the chart about these engine, then compare them.
- •Work in a group. Read the text and discuss the difference between the turbo engine and reciprocating engine. See Appendix a (p. 99). Discuss:
- •You are going to take a part at a scientific conference. You have to make a report (200-250 words) about modern gas turbine engine. Your report should include the following points:
- •Webquest. Find the information about the modern gas turbine application in different areas: industry, transportation, energy supplement, space exploration etc.
- •Translate the following passage about gas turbine from Ukrainian into English:
- •Communication activities unit 1
- •Time line of steam engine invention.
- •Text 1 Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution: 1760-1840
- •Text 2 Modern Steam
- •Internal combustion engine invention impact
- •Suggested Solutions
- •Advantages of gas turbine engines
- •Disadvantages of gas turbine engines
- •Audioscripts unit 1 The Steam Engine
- •Unit 2 The Watt engine.
- •Unit 3 Modern steam engines
- •Unit 4 Diesel Engine
- •Unit 5 Avery’s Turbine
- •References
2. Discuss the following questions with a partner.
1. How had work been performed before the first steam engines were invented?
2. How was vacuum used in the first steam engines?
READING
3. Read the text and find the expressions which mean:
a) hot mist that water produces when it is boiled;
b) an engine or motor in which the pressure of a liquid or gas moves a special wheel around;
c) a space that is completely empty of all gas, especially one from which all the air has been taken away;
d) warmth or the quality of being hot;
e) a part of an engine consisting of a short solid piece of metal inside a tube which moves up and down to make the other parts of the engine move.
The creation of steam engines
Steam engine is any engine that is operated by the energy of expanding steam. The steam may be used to power an engine by spinning a turbine or by pushing pistons. Huge turbines drive electric generators and giant ships. Piston steam engines power large pile drivers. In some countries, locomotives with piston steam engines are still used to pull railroad trains. In the United States, diesel locomotives pull most trains.
The development of the steam engine in the 1700's made modern industry possible. Until then, people had to depend on the power of their own muscles or on animal, wind, and water power. One steam engine could do the work of many horses. It could supply the power needed to run all the machines in a factory. A steam locomotive could haul heavy loads of freight great distances in a single day. Steamships provided safe, fast, dependable water transportation.
HOW STEAM ENGINES WORK
A steam engine uses steam to change heat energy into rotary or reciprocating (back-and-forth) motion. Most steam engines have a furnace in which coal, oil, or some other fuel is burned to produce heat energy. In atomic power plants, a nuclear reactor supplies the heat energy.
Every steam engine has a boiler. The heat energy produced inside the furnace or reactor changes water into steam inside the boiler. The steam expands, taking up many times the space of the original water. This energy of expansion can be used in two ways: (1) to spin a turbine, or (2) to push a piston back and forth.
Steam turbines produce a rotary motion. A steam turbine has many sets of bladed wheels mounted on a long shaft. The steam enters at one end and spins the bladed wheels as it rushes past them. Steam turbines, which are more efficient than reciprocating steam engines, are used to turn electric generators and ship propellers.
Reciprocating steam engines have pistons that slide back and forth in cylinders. Various valves allow the steam to enter a cylinder and drive a piston first in one direction and then the other before they exhaust the used steam. Steam hammers that drive piles and forge metal require reciprocating motion. A locomotive, however, requires rotary motion to turn its wheels. This motion is achieved by attaching a crankshaft to the pistons. In some reciprocating steam engines, called compound engines, the steam may flow through two, three, or four cylinders and operate the same number of pistons.
THE BEGINNING OF STEAM ENGINES
Hero, a scientist who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, described the first known steam engine about A.D. 60. The device consisted of a small, hollow globe mounted on a pipe running to a steam kettle. Two L-shaped pipes were fastened to opposite sides of the globe. When steam rushed out of the two L-shaped pipes, it caused the globe to whirl. But this device performed no useful work. Hundreds of years passed before the first successful steam engines were developed in the 1600’s.
The first steam engines operated on the ability of steam to condense back into a liquid rather than on its ability to expand. When steam condenses, the liquid takes less space than the steam. If this condensation takes place in a sealed vessel (container), it creates within this vessel a partial vacuum (a pressure much lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere). Liquids and gases tend to flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, so when a vessel containing a partial vacuum is opened, the vacuum exerts a sucking action on whatever is on the other side of the opening. Thus, the partial vacuum and the surrounding atmosphere act together to perform work.
From Encyclopædia Britannica
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT