- •Шомахова т.Х.
- •Кумыкова Элина Тугановна, Безрокова Мадина Борисовна, Бориева Мархаба Курманбаевна, Абрегова Алла Владимировна
- •Unit I science and society
- •1. Listen to or look through the following text and say what ideas it contains.
- •2. Look through the text again and entitle it.
- •3. Look through the text once more and say what kind of passage it is:
- •4. Read the text thoroughly with a dictionary and answer the following questions:
- •5. Give Russian equivalents to the following words, word combinations and scientific terms from the text:
- •6. Complete the following sentences choosing the words, word combinations or scientific terms from the list below.
- •7. Find synonyms to the given words, word combinations and scientific terms in ex. 5;
- •8. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the italicized words:
- •1. Read the next text connected with science and give answers to the following questions:
- •How would you answer the questions?
- •Unit II … as a branch of science
- •1. Look through the text concentrating on the beginning and the end of each paragraph, and write an outline, either in Russian or in English (time limit — 10 min.).
- •2. Paragraph Study.
- •3. Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be made in your original outline.
- •4. Write an abstract of the text in three sentences.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Unit III modern achievements in electronics and nanoelectronics text 1 Graphene
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Text 2 Molecular scale electronics
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Unit IV outstanding scientists in nanotechnology text 1 Richard Phillips Feynman
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Text 2 Walter Schottky
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Unit V ethical problems of scientific research text 1 The cloning of humans is justifiable
- •Read and translate the text.
- •2. Answer the questions on the text.
- •3. Analyzing the content of a text
- •Text 2 Artificial Intelligence
- •Read the text 'Artificial Intelligence' and say if machines can be as clever as humans.
- •Complete each sentence (a—h) with one of the endings (1-8):
- •Give the definitions of the following words
- •Answer the questions:
- •Fill in the table
- •Read the quotations below. Choose any statement and comment on it
- •1) Read the text and be ready for a comprehension check-up.
- •2) Check up for comprehension.
- •Unit VI special texts text 1 Nanocomposites and their Applications
- •A survey of the applications of nanocomposites. The following survey of nanocomposite applications introduces you to many of the uses being explored, including:
- •Text 2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials by High Energy Ball Milling
- •Unit VII special texts text 1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Laser Ablation
- •Text 2 Chemical Vapor Synthesis of Nanomaterials
- •Unit VIII special texts text 1 Nanoelectromechanical system
- •Text 2 Nanocircuitry
- •Unit IX special texts text 1 Carbon nanotube
- •Text 2 Quantum computer
- •Unit X first steps in science
- •Look through the text and be ready to summarize its main ideas.
- •Read the text to find the answers to the following questions:
- •Read the text again to find the answers to the following questions:
- •Speaking
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the sentences which contain the words from the Active Vocabulary Section. Speak about your research problem.
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the sentences with the words from the Active Vocabulary Section. Speak about the historical background of your research problem.
- •Ask for and give information on the historical background of the research problems under study.
- •Act out the situation.
- •Complete the sentences with the words from the Active Vocabulary Section. Speak about the purpose of your current research and the method used.
- •Ask for and give information about your current research, namely its purpose and the methods you employ.
- •Act out the situation.
- •Answer the questions:
- •Complete the sentences which contain the words from the Active Vocabulary Section. Speak about your research results and conclusions.
- •Ask for and give information about your research results and conclusions.
- •Act out the situations.
- •List of materials used
2. Paragraph Study.
Read paragraph 1.
1. Follow the dominant noun and the words related to it in meaning through the paragraph and state the main idea. 2. Give Russian equivalents of: a cumulative body of knowledge, a peculiar method practiced by the scientist, manufacturing commodities to meet human needs.
Read paragraph 2.
1. Follow the dominant noun and its equivalents through the paragraph. Identify the sentence which repeats the idea expressed in the first sentence of the text. 2. Identify the words used by the author as equivalent to: направляли свой пытливый ум на. . . 3. Identify the words used by the author as equivalent to doing so, a technique of inquiry.
Read paragraph 3.
1. Identify the topic sentence and the illustrating sentences. Among the latter identify the dominant noun and follow it through its transformations into its equivalents and pronouns. 2. Give a Russian equivalent of initiates.
Read paragraph 4.
1. Identify the topic sentence. Follow the words the collecting of facts through their transformations into their equivalents and pronouns. 2. Identify the words equivalent to: столкнуться с трудностями, пробирка, в зависимости от проблемы.
Read paragraph 5.
1. Identify the topic sentence and the illustrating sentences. Find the sentence describing the first step on the way to a hypothesis (What modal verb is used to show that it is only the first step?). 2. Identify the words used by the author as equivalent to this was so. 3. Give a Russian equivalent of emerge. Translate the last sentence of the paragraph into Russian.
Read paragraph 6.
1. Identify the topic sentence and the illustrating sentences. Find the sentence describing the next step in the development of the hypothesis (What word shows that it is a hypothesis?). State the function of that word and give its Russian equivalent. 2. Translate the first sentence into Russian.
Read paragraphs 7 and 8.
1. Identify the topic sentence and the illustrating sentences. Find the sentence describing the final step in the development of the hypothesis. 2. Find the guide words to the author's thought equivalent to: несомненно, несмотря на это, на этом основании. 3. Try to explain the author's choice of the modal verbs. 4. Find the English equivalent of i. e. in paragraph 6.
Read paragraph 9.
I. State the role of deductive reasoning in science. Indicate the words characterizing the conditions under which the Curies worked. 2. Translate paragraph 9 into Russian.
3. Read the whole text again and see if any corrections should be made in your original outline.
4. Write an abstract of the text in three sentences.
TEXT 2 Branches and fields of science
Read and translate the text.
Scientific fields are commonly divided into two major groups: natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life), and social sciences, which study human behavior and societies. These groupings are empirical sciences, which means the knowledge must be based on observable phenomena and capable of being tested for its validity by other researchers working under the same conditions. There are also related disciplines that are grouped into interdisciplinary and applied sciences, such as engineering and medicine. Within these categories are specialized scientific fields that can include parts of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminology and expertise.
Mathematics, which is classified as a formal science, has both similarities and differences with the empirical sciences (the natural and social sciences). It is similar to empirical sciences in that it involves an objective, careful and systematic study of an area of knowledge; it is different because of its method of verifying its knowledge, using a priori rather than empirical methods. The formal sciences, which also include statistics and logic, are vital to the empirical sciences. Major advances in formal science have often led to major advances in the empirical sciences. The formal sciences are essential in the formation of hypotheses, theories, and laws, both in discovering and describing how things work (natural sciences) and how people think and act (social sciences).
The word field has a technical meaning in physics, as occupying space, which uses the word space-time, rather than space); that is the reason that a branch of science is taken as the meaning of field. Science divides into categories of specialized expertise, each typically embodying their own terminology and nomenclature. Each field will commonly be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer reviewed research will be published.