2. Academic Ranks and Titles

The term “an academic title” designates individuals who may be engaged in teaching credit courses and in academic research. Typically, this term conveys three attributes of its holder: the level of appointment (a rank), status (regular, visiting, of special recognition or otherwise) and function (teaching, research, etc.). Academic faculty and staff in a great number of accredited Universities all over the world have various titles that may be often misunderstood. They may be confusing because the same title may have different meanings in different Universities. Some holders of academic titles may have academic tenure and concentrate in research rather than teaching, while others may not. Research Assistants including research technicians, lab managers, and related personnel are generally related to administrative staff rather than to faculty.

The complexity of the problem is the fact that Russian educational system provides two degrees - Doctor of Science and Candidate of Science close to standard PhD. If a PhD holder has written a lot of books, has had huge academic experience, and has published many research results, he may have a chance to hold the certificate that his PhD equals Dr. of Sc..

Cand. and Dr. degrees are divided into majors. Doctor of Science (Dr. of Sc., the highest degree) means that a pretender must have Candidate of Science Degree. Candidate of Science (Cand. of Sc.) is usually earned after three years of research and defending a thesis. A pretender must have Master or Specialist Degrees.

Read the text. Make up several questions to cover the content and give a short summary of it.

Either follow tradition or invent what is self-consistent.

Horace (Quintus Horacius Flaccus), 65-8BC

University faculty appointments to the academic rank titles including “Instructor”, “Assistant Professor”, “Associate Professor”, “Professor” are made by the Academic Council and the Head (Chancellor) of the State University upon the rigid requirements and recommendations of the appropriate departments. The criteria established for each rank include the appointee's qualification and the levels of expertise and recognition in the areas of teaching. For instance, an instructor or assistant must hold at least Master’s Degree with excellent grades and have relevant working experience. Associate professor (docent) must hold PhD with evidence of further study to doctoral level or Doctorate. This academic rank also requires relevant working experience including a certain amount of years of teaching after a successful defending a thesis. The Head of the University may appoint professors after a successful accomplishment of the process of awarding a professorship. Full professor must hold Doctorate and have experience as an Aassociate professor. Each candidate must demonstrate advanced degrees, licenses, honors, awards, and effectiveness in teaching and reputation in the subject matter field.

Academic Rank appointees prepare and deliver lectures to students, develop teaching materials and new courses, compile, administer, and grade examinations. They deliver public lectures conduct research in particular field of knowledge to keep abreast of current developments, publish their findings in professional journals and direct research of graduate students working for advanced academic degrees.

The degree of “Kandidat Nauk” or Candidate of Science was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR and some Eastern Bloc countries. The degree of “Doktor Nauk” or Doctor of Science is given as a second advanced research qualification or higher doctorate in the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011.

Exercise 1.2.1

This table summarizes Russian-English equivalents about academic ranks and positions. Look through the following words, word combinations, set expressions and phrases checking up the standard pronunciation of the words, which are difficult or unknown to you. Memorize them by giving your own examples with them.

Table 2 Word List

№	Words, word combinations, set expressions and phrases	Translation
1.	the Academic Council	Ученый совет
2.	academic rank	учёное звание, должность (в высшем учебном заведении)
	administrative ranks/positions	административные должности
3.	appointment to the academic rank	назначение на должность
4.	the Chancellor (Head of University, President, Rector) of the State University	Ректор университета
5.	conduct research	проводить исследование
6.	deliver lectures	читать лекции
7.	Doctorate	докторская степень
8.	faculty	профессорско-преподавательский состав
8.	findings	результаты исследования, полученные данные
9.	grade examinations	оценивать экзамены
10.	major	дисциплина, выбранная в качестве специализации
11.	public lecture	открытая лекция
12.	subject matter	тема, предмет (науки, дискуссии)
13.	scientific scholarship	научные знания

Exercise 1.2.2

There is some controversy in translating the Russian and foreign Doctoral Degrees in countries with only one doctoral degree. There is also some controversy in translating administrative positions. Remember most appropriate equivalents to academic degrees, titles and ranks.

Table 3 Word List

Russian-English Equivalents
Доктор/Кандидат педагогических наук (к. п. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Pedagogic Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат психологических наук (к. психол. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Psychological Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат социологических наук (к. соц. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Sociological Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат технических наук (к. т. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Engineering Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат физико-математических наук (к. ф.-м. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Physico-Mathematical Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат филологических наук (к. фил. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Philological Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат экономических наук (к. э. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Economic(al) Science(s)
Доктор/Кандидат юридических наук (к. ю. н.)	Doctor/Candidat of Juridical(law) Science(s)
профессор (звание)	Professor (Full Professor), usually Doctor of Sc Full Professor)
профессор кафедры (конкретной)	Professor at the Department of
профессорско-преподавательский состав	faculty / professional and teaching staff / teaching staff
аспирант	Postgraduate, Assistant Professor (usually doctoral student of Cand. of Sc.)
аспирант кафедры	Postgraduate at the Department of
декан (административная должность)	Dean (administrative position)
докторант	Doctoral Candidate
доцент (должность)	Associate Professor (dozent), usually Cand. of Sc.
доцент кафедры (конкретной)	Docent (a lecturer in some colleges or universities in US)
зав. кафедрой (должность)	Chair (head) of a department Head of Department (BrE) / Department Chair (AmE)
зав. кафедрой (конкретной)	Head of the Department of / Chair of the Department of /
зав. отделением	Head of the Division of / Department Head / Department Chair /
заместитель декана	Associate Deans (Academic, Research)
кафедра	Department / Sub-Department
младший научный сотрудник	Research Assistant
научно-исследовательский состав	Non-faculty teaching and research personnel
научно-образовательный центр (НОЦ)	Research and Education Center
научно-публицистический журнал	the Scientific and Socio-Political Journal
научный сотрудник	Research Officer
отдел госбюджетных фундаментальных и поисковых исследований	Department of State Budget Fundamental and Exploratory Research
отдел	Department
отделение	Division / Department
первый проректор	Provost
преподаватель кафедры	Lecturer at the Department of (academic position), Instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
проректор	Pprorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
проректор по учебной, научной, международной работе, по финансовой деятельности	Vice-rectors (Academic, Research, Financial, Foreign Activity)
руководитель отдела	Head (Director) of the administrative department
старший научный сотрудник	Senior Research Officer (fellow)
старший преподаватель	Senior Lecturer Lecturer (working time is divided equally between research and teaching (it can be both Professor or Dozent), Senior instructor (sometimes "Lecturer")
ученое звание	Academic rank
факультет	Faculty

Exercise 1.2.3

Translate the following sentences into English and Russian paying attention to the predicate and link verbs

1. Значение слова "chair» нельзя переводить на русский язык словом "кафедра.

2. "Сhair" – это титул, т.е. руководящая должность в университете - "заведующий".

3. Заведующий отвечает (to be responsible) за организацию работы (to facilitate the operation of a department) коллектива (faculty members) кафедры.

4. Ученое звание «профессор» - это высшее звание представителя профессорско-преподавательского состава университета (faculty member), присваиваемое за исследование и публикации, получившие широкое признание (to achieve wide recognition).

5. Министерство образования РФ предложило соответствия российских ученых степеней зарубежным аналогам.

6. Квалификационные требования (qualification and requirements) к ученым званиям и должностям (academic ranks/titles) можно найти при объявлении конкурса на вакантные места (in vacancy announcement).

7. Рекомендации для должностного повышения (guidelines for faculty promotion) включают успешные разработки и выполнение важных исследований (success in developing and carrying out significant research work.)

8. Dr. Pirson held the Chair of Sociology in one of Spanish Universities for 20 years due to his scholarly accomplishment.

9. The responsibilities for heads of University departments and limits of their power are assigned by the President of the University.

10. The department chair role and responsibilities include planning and overseeing educational activities, class schedules and programme plans, estimating of resources needed to carry out the daily progress toward achieving research and teaching goals as set up in the department’s plan.

11. A department is the fundamental academic unit of the University providing the students and postgraduates the educational opportunity necessary for qualified professional activities.

12. To make an application for an academic rank appointment/promotion each applicant should demonstrate scholarly ability, contribution to publications, significant research work in the subject matter field and fine reputation among colleagues.

13. PhD degree means that a specialist from any major (excepting medicine) is called Doctor of Philosophy.

Exercise 1.2.4

Look through the table describing the approximate correlation in UK & US academic ranks and titles, pay attention to the subtleties in their meanings, and answer the questions using the appropriate English-Russian equivalents to academic degrees, titles and ranks.

Table 4 Word List

The UK	The USA
Undergraduate - студент университета	Undergraduate - студент университета
Postgraduate - аспирант (человек, который получил университетскую степень бакалавра и продолжает научную работу, чтобы получить учёную степень магистра)	Graduate - выпускник учебного заведения (школы, колледжа, университета)
Post-Doc – (a person engaged in postdoctoral research) докторант	Post-Doc - (a person engaged in postdoctoral research) докторант
Lecturer - старший преподаватель (учёное звание преподавателя университета, колледжа - ниже профессора)	Assistant Professor - старший преподаватель (Обычно имеет диплом бакалавра или магистра, а в крупных университетах - и доктора. Относится к категории высшего преподавательского состава, но имеет большую и менее престижную учебную нагрузку (вводные курсы, практические занятия и т.п.), чем профессор [full professor]. Во многих университетах на этой должности разрешено работать не более 8-9 лет, по истечении которых следует повышение или увольнение.)
Reader - лектор (второй по старшинству преподаватель университета после профессора)	Associate Professor - адъюнкт-профессор (Примерно соответствует доценту в странах Европы, обычно имеет степень магистра [master's degree] и работает над докторской диссертацией [doctor of philosophy]. Назначение утверждается советом опекунов [board of trustees] после рекомендации специальной комиссии. Ему обычно дается постоянный статус [tenure], но иногда начальный контракт ограничивается несколькими годами.)
Senior Lecturer - старший лектор (третий по старшинству преподаватель университета после профессора [professor] и ридера [reader])
Professor - профессор (университета), преподаватель (в университете, колледже) Syn: don , lecturer , teacher , instructor	Full Professor - профессор, имеющий докторскую степень (должность преподавателя в американском вузе, обычно имеет бессрочный контракт с университетом соответствует должности профессора в российском вузе)

1. Will you comment on the difference in academic degrees, titles and ranks in Russian, European and American Universities?

2. Could you introduce yourself and your scientific adviser to foreign colleagues?

3. Could you make your (and your scientific adviser’s) visiting card?

4. What degrees should be considered for recognition in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees?

5. Does the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) refer the degree of Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of Sciences) to “doctoral or equivalent” level together with PhD?

6. What is mentioned in the Russian version of ISCED 2011 (par.262) on the UNESCO website?

7. Is the degree of Kandidat Nauk (Candidate of Sciences) in the Russian Federation considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree?

8. What is the second doctorate (or post-doctoral degree) in some post-Soviet states called?