5.1 Typical Conference Organization and Participation

Conferences are a great place to get feedback on your research from prominent experts and leaders in your field and to learn some recently emerging methods, tools and technologies. You should attend scientific conferences and present your research reports. The task may be challenging but your experience will reinforce your skills. Read the text and master the appropriate vocabulary from the table below.

A single conversation across the table with a wise man

Is worth a month's study of books.

The Conference procedure

Each scientific conference invites scientists worldwide to submit papers for possible presentation. Typically it starts with a First announcement and Call for Papers (CFP). The conference's website stores the text that circulates via electronic mailing lists, and announces the general objectives of the planned conference. CFP lists basic information about time, place, organizers and scientific committee. It also contains general requirements for submissions including length (from a half page abstract to a 20 page full paper), address and deadline for submission.

A typical international conference may last 3-5 days. They may be rather exhausting in spite of this seemingly short duration, because participants are engaged in giving presentations, listening to a large number of reports with new ideas and participate in highly intellectual conversation from morning until evening.

The conference committee is responsible for producing a detailed conference program. Once all contributions have been selected, the conference committee is able to do it. Organizational arrangements will typically include registration, plenary sessions, parallel sessions and social events. The organizers have an obligation to announce where the participants of the conference can pay or confirm payment of the registration fee. In return, the registered receive badges identifying them as participants, the latest program, invitations to social events, and sometimes even souvenirs, etc. All the participants are expected to attend the general opening, plenary session and closing of the conference. They also may participate in any panel discussions, and talks and communicating with "invited" speakers, who are renowned experts in the domain.

Independently of the main Conference committee, chairpersons of more specialized sessions can organize parallel events with "contributing" speakers, where particular subjects are discussed. A chairperson is responsible for the focus and the selection of contributors. Parallel sessions take place simultaneously in different rooms, and can be organized only within rather meaningful conferences. Workshops or smaller conferences are held without parallel sessions.

Social events typically include coffee breaks, lunches, receptions, conference dinner, touristic excursions, etc.

Researchers participate in scientific conferences because they wish to be informed about the state-of-the-art. Meeting their colleagues working in the same domain researches can get reactions from peers, can present their own research and have their papers published in the conference proceedings. Moreover, face-to-face conversations convey complex, technical and novel ideas, effectively exchange a variety of experiences, establish personal relationships. In an informal setting, such as a coffee break, researchers can lay the foundation for future collaboration.

Table 13 Word List

№	Words and word combinations	Translation
1.	adopt/approve a proposal	принять /одобрить предложение
2.	agenda item	пункт повестки дня
3.	abstain	воздержаться (при голосовании); не голосовать
4.	ask for the floor	просить слова
5.	closing/concluding remarks	заключительные замечания
6.	give smb the floor	давать кому-л. слово, предоставлять трибуну
7.	charge/entrust a committee with	поручать комитету
8.	come to the substance of the matter	перейти к сути вопроса
9.	debate	обсуждать, дискутировать, полемизировать; спорить
10.	declare the discussion open	объявить дискуссию открытой
11.	draft (resolution, report)	проект, резолюция, доклад
12.	drafting/editorial committee	редакционная комиссия
13.	draw up the program of work	составить программу (план работы)
14.	final/closing meeting	заключительное заседание
15.	the floor language (The main language of the conference used by a chairman or principal speakers)	язык конференции
16.	formal opening/ceremony/session	официальное открытие, церемония открытия, заседание
17.	found/set up a committee	создать комитет
18.	get, have the floor	получить слово, брать слово
19.	host country	принимающая страна
20.	include on the agenda	включать в повестку
21.	insertion	введение, включение
22.	invoke/refer to an article, document	ссылаться на статью, документ
23.	keynote speech	основное выступление
24.	list of speakers	список выступающих
25.	Madam Chairman/Chairwoman	Госпожа председатель
26.	make a proposal/submit a motion	внести предложение
27.	make a remark/comment	высказываться о (чём-л.)
28.	make/deliver a speech	выступить
29.	meeting	заседание
30.	the meeting is called to order	заседание призвали к порядку
31.	object	возразить
32.	opening address	вступительное слово
33.	Panel chairmanin his capacity as a chairman chairman of committee chairman of meeting	председатель комитета   в качестве председателя, будучи председателем  председатель собрания
34.	plenary meeting	пленарное заседание
35.	post/job/position	должность; положение
36.	produce, prepare, draw up, draft a	подготовить проект решения конференции
37.	a report has been presented /submitted to the Committee	доклад представлен комиссии
38.	required majority	необходимое большинство
39.	round table	круглый стол
40.	rules of procedure	регламент
41.	speak for/against a proposal	выступить за / против предложения
42.	survey, review	обзор
43.	take into consideration	принимать во внимание
44.	take the floor/speak	выступать
45.	take the minutes	вести протокол заседания
46.	timetable/schedule	программа, повестка дня
47.	verbatim record	стенограмма
48.	vice-chairman, vice-president	заместитель председателя
49.	withdraw a proposal	отклонить предложение
50	Would anyone else like to take the floor?/ Are there any other speakers? Are there any further contributions?	Есть ещё желающие выступить? Есть ещё сообщения?

Exercise 5.1.1

To get ready for communicating at any conference a postgraduate student should prepare the so-called 30 Second Elevator Speech introducing him to the audience. This clear message will communicate who he is, what he is investigating, how he can be interesting to others. To get comfortable with what you have to say look through the following key questions and prepare your speech. To sound natural and breeze through it when the time comes memorize your speech and practice it aloud with your group mate. Do not rush, your elevator speech has to flow natural and smoothly.

1. Who are you? Tell personal information relevant to your research. Describe you, your major skills, your department (laboratory, company, etc.)

2. What is your background? Tell rather briefly; mention your education and occupation.

3. What are you investigating? Describe your research and career goals.

4. What problems have you solved? What contributions have you made?

5. Do you have any special patents or technology?

6. Could you offer any vivid example or tell a short story to show the uniqueness of your work.

7. What makes you different from other colleagues?

8. Are you in a job-hunting situation to use your research skills?

Exercise 5.1.2

All the papers submitted for publication have to meet some established requirements. Papers should be submitted both in hard and soft copy and contain a certain number of pages that should be typed using size 12 font and single-space lines. The optimal volume of the paper may be up to 20 000 characters including spaces. The author must sign his paper with the clarification of his signature and indication of the signature date. The paper must be followed by the Scientific Committee’s recommendation. The Head of the establishment should sign it and certify by the seal. The author is responsible for the completeness and adequacy of citation in his papers, as well as for the publication of materials borrowed without referencing their source. Read the text and discuss with your group mates the procedure of paper selection.

To participate in the conference, you should address the organizers and submit a paper to them usually 3-4 months before the start of the conference. The members of the scientific committee will get your paper for refereeing. Looking through referee report and considering the number of available slots in the program, the conference chair will decide whether your paper can be accepted or not. When you get an acceptance message before a fixed deadline, you can ask for conference registration. Keep in mind, that travel and accommodation can be rather expensive. Effective conference participation implies presenting a paper; otherwise, a participant cannot get any travel allowances or publication.

Your paper can be rejected for oral presentation, but it can be accepted as a poster. In this case, you will produce a large format text with illustrations, nice for visual inspection. Your poster will be hung on walls or panels, and you, standing near it at a designated time, will answer eventual questions about your work. Posters are used to present your research, without taking time in the conference schedule. Moreover, the typical time slot in a conference for presenting a paper (about 20 minutes) is too short to effectively convey complex, technical and novel ideas. A poster presentation may create sufficient interest so that listeners get motivated to investigate the work further, to contact the speakers, or to read their papers.

To be published in the conference proceedings you may be asked to prepare a final document version of your paper or poster. Proceedings can be published either as stand-alone volumes or electronically on the web. Final versions, which are corrected, extended and more polished, compared to initial submissions, may be turned into special issues of journals. Typically, they may need to fulfill detailed formatting requirements. Papers, admitted for examination, must not be published elsewhere earlier and are not intended for publication in other journals.

There are other methods to present your research, For instance using preprints on the web, that demand less time and money than travelling to conferences. On the other hand, publication typically happens more quickly and easily via proceedings, where there is a tight deadline, than via journals. Research impact in publication can be measured quantitatively by citation counting, journal impact factors and a personal H-index as well as other metrics.

5.2 Guidelines for preparing personal presentation

If a researcher plans to present a report, he is required to know the conference guidelines including the floor language, established time limit, cultures and corporate rules concerning the presentation technology. At present, English language presentations are commonly used in international scientific conferences, so a working knowledge of the English vocabulary is a valuable asset for presenters as well as efficient presentation techniques. Read the text using the word list below and answer the following questions:

1. Have you ever delivered a presentation in English?

2. What was your presentation about?

3. Was your presentation actually successful?

4. Can you answer the audience's questions knowledgeably and confidently?

5. How can your audience know the structure of your presentation?

6. How can your listeners know where they are?

7. How can your audience know what is coming next?

8. How could you know that the audience had liked your presentation?

“A picture is worth one thousand words”

International Scientific Conferences are held to provide an opportunity for scientists from a variety of countries to present their work, to become more involved in science activities and to draw attention to various challenges in different fields of knowledge.

Personal participation in conferences implies live talks and presentations that are considered the most useful and extremely effective means of communication. A successful presentation is a very impressive way of showing and explaining the main issues of the performed research to an audience. As the vast majority of all the information enters our brains through the eyes, it is necessary to create good visual aids and handouts. They will be very useful for non-native English speakers who can rely on them and need not worry about their poor English because an audience learns aurally only 20% of presented information, the rest is absorbed visually.

Presenters design visuals or create slides for clear supporting their live talk. Visuals and slides are not the same thing. In fact, visuals are very convincing documents including pictures, pieces of film, or displays used to illustrate the presented ideas. Projected slides are also rather effective tools to accompany scientific reports. They should be as visual as possible and quickly, efficiently and powerfully support each presented point. During presentations, images can be projected from the notebook computer screen onto the wall screen by an overhead projector.

Presenters use projected slides to demonstrate the multi-coloured 3-dimensional charts and graphs – pie charts that are circular in shape, bar charts that can be either vertical or horizontal, and graphs that can rise and fall. Besides slide shows display synopses of the author’s main ideas. A presenter does not simply give commentary to the slides but tells his thoughts and suggestions in details.

Slide design should not draw audience’s attention away from the content of the presented information, as it is aimed to readability and not to florid embellishment. In doing so, the author should not go from one extreme to another, and write black letters against a white backdrop. The whole slide show should be designed in the same simple, plain and laconic perceptual style. Usually presenters submit their slides made in "PowerPoint " programme because the information arranged by this software can be easily displayed or downloaded from the conference website. In case of including PowerPoint slides in future conference proceedings, they must be produced as PDFs. Therefore, it is better to make two sets of slides - one set of simple, clear slides for the live performance and another one for the conference proceedings or webpage download.

Embedded animated graphics is not widely acceptable and is usually used only for drawing audience’s attention, for instance, to successive appearance of diagram elements.

Slides must be enumerated and show their quantity. Each slide must be entitled and contain only one idea written in short words and clear short sentences against a coloured backdrop used for highlighting overprinted text. The choice for colours must be restricted by two or three tints. The ideal combination is dark letters and a faint even backdrop that contributes to the visual effect of displayed graphics. The most appropriate font is as large as 18 pts. Serif fonts are much more readable than nonserif ones. If font contrast is necessary it may be achieved by differences in font size, shape, colour, etc.

Each slide may offer not more than 17 words or three illustrations including written explanation. The author can include written details in the notes view of each slide. The tables with good many figures or other facts are not desirable.

Handouts or so-called “takeaway documents” are completely different from visuals and slides with more detailed information and a summary of presented issues. These pieces of printed information are provided free of charge and distributed to an audience because people might be interested in much depth, background and scope in presented information that could be read much faster than a presenter can tell his ideas.

Modern presentation has resulted in using computer-aided presentation technology that observes some rules.

The first rule demands that reporting time should not be more than 12 minutes, which are followed by a three-minute’s discussion.

The second rule states the common slide sequence. It allows ten or eleven slides to support a reporter’s live talk. Usually presentations start with a front slide that displays the University name (at the top of the page), the title of the subject, the reporter’s name (in the centre of the page), the city and the year (at the bottom of the page). This slide is followed by the presentation plan (not more than 5-6 items). Then one after another, come three introduction slides, which take up approximately ⅓ of the report content. The next slide is devoted to methods. It is followed by three or four slides with basic content and results. The conclusion slide demonstrates findings or summary and prospects. The final “thanks” slide expressing gratitude to audience may contain the author’s signature.

The third rule restricts information content. It is advisable to state only one or two objectives. In general, slides must present concrete facts rather than abstract ideas. Key issues must be carefully selected and clearly described because visual information is more important than a spoken message. Besides, the information on each slide should be kept to a minimum because it might be unknown to the audience, and people cannot instantly absorb many new ideas. People might need some time to study and understand the originality of presented information.

The fourth rule makes a presenter to think carefully over the structure of his presentation before talking to an audience. He may use 'signposting' (or 'signaling'), that is a special technique of putting up signposts for an audience at the beginning and all over the report so that people can know what is coming next. A presenter might write down some indications or show the slide with a presentation plan including the content of introduction, body and conclusion, so that each person could visualize it. Then he might say a few words like this: "I will start by exploring the importance of … . I'll start by describing the … . After that, I will consider … . Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made … . Then we will look at … . After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in … . After delivery, we will examine … . Before moving on to … . Finally, we will conclude with … . Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations." Afterwards, you will be invited to … .

A presenter should keep to his signposts throughout the presentation. It will help him and his audience to know which issue he has revealed and what point is to be reached next. Moving from one point to the next one a presenter might say: "That's all I have to say about … . Let's turn now to …." Having finished the main part of his report and summing it up a presenter might say: "Well, we've looked at … . I'd like to sum up now." Then he gives his recommendations using the words like this: "What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..." or some other phrases and expressions that could signpost the various parts of a presentation.

Having created his slide show and its formatting a presenter checks it carefully to make sure that everything is in full working order, every detail is explained and the information that was so hard to obtain looks as professional as possible. The next step is to rehearse the presentation two or three times before its public performance.

Table 14 Word List

№	Words and word combinations	Translation
1.	backdrop	фон, основной цвет под изображение
2.	bar chart	столбчатая диаграмма
3.	body	основная часть доклада, конференции
4.	computer-aided presentation technology	электронная презентация
5.	conference guidelines	требования конференции
6.	create slides	создавать слайды
7.	design visuals (visual aids)	создавать визуальные средства
8.	draw audience’s attention	привлекать внимание слушателей
9.	embedded animated graphics	встроенная в слайд анимация
10.	final “thanks” slide	заключительный слайд
11.	front slide	первый слайд презентации
12.	graph	график, диаграмма, схема; кривая
13.	handouts	раздаточный материал
14.	hold a conference	проводить конференцию
15.	key issues	главная проблема
16.	obtain information	получать информацию
17.	pie chart	круговая, секторная диаграмма
18.	present a report	делать презентацию доклада
19.	scientific activities	научная деятельность
20.	serif fonts	шрифт с засечками
21.	set of slides	набор, комплект слайдов
22.	signposting	обозначать разделы доклада
23.	support live talk	сопровождать звучащую речь
24.	synopsis	краткий обзор, тезисы; краткое содержание, аннотация, реферат
25.	time-limit	ограничение времени выступления

Exercise 5.2.1

Presentation and Public Speaking in English

a) A presentation is a formal talk to an audience for "presenting" ideas or information in a clear, structured way. Giving a presentation people should follow a few simple rules, which help them to relieve the emotional stress. While delivering your presentation remember the following key points: do not hurry; look friendly and maintain eye contact; remain polite when dealing with sharp criticism. Keep in mind the instructions and prepare your own presentation using relevant clichés from the table below the text.

Preparation for presentation includes not only the creation of computer-aided slide show but also some behaviour strategies that are governed by certain instructions.

The first instruction concerns cultural considerations. If they are not observed this may lead to cultural misunderstanding. The matter is that usually the majority of international conference audience isn’t native English-speakers, and they don’t belong to an Anglo-Saxon culture. Different civilizations may hold different views in science. For instance, the priority for Western scientists is to gain an objective, but Eastern researches appreciate methods. Different nationalities demonstrate different behaviour patterns and mental activity. Americans may appear to be rather aggressive, and their German colleagues show great attention to details and are very careful and precise about them. Giving their presentations Italian or Southern French reporters may gesticulate frantically to emphasize their words. They may seem dynamic and friendly to American colleagues, but the British will consider these presenters as unsure of their words and lacking in self-confidence.

Having received difficult or even hostile questions, a presenter must remain calm and polite. In this case, he might suggest discussing particularly awkward questions after the presentation. Political correctness requires being extremely careful about usage of intolerable words that may offend people because of their sex and race. The word “Negro”, for example, is offensive for dark-skinned people whose ancestors came from Africa, or the word “oriental” could cause offence to Chinese or Japanese people who have a naturally yellowish or olive skin.

Experienced participants of International Conferences know that there are many differences in culture even within the Anglo-Saxon world, and that is why some particular cultural matters may affect the audience. Therefore, preparation to presentation includes being acquainted with the audience and cultural differences in vocabulary and body language. It is very important for communication and warm friendly relationship. It should be taken into consideration if a speaker wants to establish a rapport with his audience.

Presenter’s body, haircut, walk, face expression, clothes and even glasses start speaking to an audience at the very moment he is given the floor. First impressions count. Informal clothes may appear to be beneath the level of those present. This is hardly the way to make good impression on foreign colleagues. It is always better to wear a suit thus communicating the feeling of respect and the idea of taking the audience seriously. Cultural differences can also be seen in body language. To gain an audience’s attention it is also better to move to or from the whiteboard rather than sit or stand very still. A presenter should not speak in the same, flat, monotonous manner but control the speed, intonation and volume of his voice throughout the presentation, so that an audience could hear his speech clearly.

The next instruction focuses on delivery and regulates the language aspects and nonverbal communication. The way in which presenters actually perform their presentations is one of the essential conditions of success. The significance of this is much more obvious in a multi-cultural context.

One of the biggest challenges in delivering a presentation is overcoming anxiety. Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning, so it is better to pay special attention to the start and learn the report introduction by heart. If a presenter speaks slowly and calmly during this time, after a few moments he relaxes and gains self-confidence that is one of the important keys to effective presentation and success.

Talking about concrete facts, a presenter should use simple and clear language if he wants his message to be understood by non-native English audience. He should avoid jargon and use active verbs instead of passive ones, as the former verbs are much more powerful and easier to understand.

The important point is to establish eye contact in a natural way as if it were a face-to-face conversation. Each person of any race or sex should feel that a presenter addresses directly him or her. Looking in turn at each person, apart from establishing rapport with an audience, a presenter notices signs of disinterest or disagreement and modifies his presentation in a proper way.

b) English is widely used for communicating new ideas in international scientific conferences. The presentation arrangement and relevant vocabulary are very important. To modify your English as appropriate for an English language presentation the following table shows examples of language for introduction, body, conclusion and questions.

Table 15 Presentation communicating clichés

Presentation structure and possible language
Presentation parts	Purposes	Presentation content structure	Communication patterns
Greeting the audience	Establishing a good rapport with the audience	1. Addressing the conference chairman or moderator 2. Welcoming the audience 3. Presenter’s introducing	1. Dear Mr. Chairman! Ladies and gentlemen! Let me thank you for giving me the floor, and thank the leadership of your University for its hospitality and arrangement for our meeting. We hope that this meeting will be yet another important step in addressing common research problems and strengthening mutual work in our countries. 2. Good morning (afternoon, evening) ladies and gentlemen. / Good afternoon, everybody Let me welcome you 3. My name is …. I’m Michael Semenov from Building and Road Machines Faculty and it’s a pleasure to be with you today.
Starting the presentation	Promoting main ideas of a presentation	1. Introduction a presentation subject 2. Setting a period for each section and for a discussion or questions	1. Today I would like to talk with you about.. The topic (subject) of my presentation today is ... What I'm going to talk about today is ... 2. I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation. I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation. Please feel free to interrupt me if there are any questions. / Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask me at the end of the presentation
Brief introduction	Attracting the audience’s attention to the subject	1. Introducing the topical aspect and the core of the presented problem  Why the presentation subject is of great interest and importance?    2. Introducing a presentation objective What are you trying to achieve by this presentation?	1. I'd like to start by... Let's begin by... First of all, I'll... Starting with... I’ll begin by … This is important because ...  2. My objective is to ...    The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new ...  My aim for today’s presentation is to give you information about… I’d like to raise a question about …
Presentation main part (Body)	Maintaining the audience’s interest to the subject	Introducing the first point	Let's start/begin with ...
		Showing graphics, slides, etc.	I'd like to illustrate this by showing you...
		Giving an example	For example,... A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To give you an example,... To illustrate this point...
		Finishing a single point...	Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... So much for... Я изложил всё о ...
		...and starting another point	Now we'll move on to... Now let's move on to  ... Let me turn now to... Next... Turning to... I'd like now to discuss...
		Moving on to the next point	Let's look now at... Moving on to our next point…
Conclusion        Summing up	Brief and clear repeating of presented key facts or ideas	Brief conclusion Summarizing or repeating the main points        Giving recommendations	I would just like to sum up the main points again… My position can be summed as follows … If I could just summarize our main points before your questions. So, in conclusion… Finally let me just sum up today’s main topics…   Right, let's sum up, shall we? I'd like now to recap... Я хотел бы подвести итог ... Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... If I can just sum up the main points... To conclude,... Now, to sum up… So let me summarize / recap what I've said. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered. I'd like to recap the main points of my presentation      - first I covered      - then we talked about      - finally we looked at I'd  now like to sum up the main points which were: I'm going to conclude by... saying that / inviting you to / quoting ... In conclusion, let me... leave you with this thought (invite you to) This is the way I look at it … In conclusion, my recommendations are... I therefore suggest / propose / recommend the following strategy...
Inviting questions	Involving the audience in discussion	Suggesting a discussion Inviting to express opinions	Finally, I'll be happy to answer your questions. Now I'd like to invite any questions you may have. Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have. Can I answer any questions? Are there any questions? Are there any final questions? Do you have any questions?
Thanking an audience	Expressing gratitude	Addressing the audience Showing appreciation for the audience’s attention to the subject	Many thanks for your attention. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.

Exercise 5.2.2

1. If the Conference Committee accept your report for oral presentation, and you are given the floor, you should address the conference. What would you start your speech with? Choose the possible language and appropriate clichés from the table above, look at the pattern below, answer the questions and produce your own phrases for greeting the conference participants and presenting your principle ideas.

Traditional patterns for addressing the presidium of a conference or meeting:

Dear Mr. Chairman,

Your Excellency President of the Conference,

Distinguished prizewinners,

Excellences, Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is my great honour to welcome …

To begin with, I would like to thank you for the opportunity to …

I am grateful for the opportunity to share some information on ...

I thank the Co-Chairs of the Conference for preparing the …. document of the Conference ...

We have carefully reviewed the forward looking draft … which contains valuable proposals by …

However, at the same time, the draft needs some special emphases to promote the development of a long-term strategy …

The draft needs a plan of action as a road map to prevent the ever-increasing serious and long lasting consequences that threaten … for short, medium and long-term perspectives.

We have commended the comprehensive way in which the key issues of irreversible environmental changes and sustainable development have been addressed.

In this context, we would like to inform … about the scientific research that we have undertaken … ,

Working actively with scientists from several countries over the past … years we have undertaken the scientific research that includes analyses of …

We stand ready to engage with other … (Member States) in the further development of … .

The study shows that the scientific findings of our analysis would be invaluable for the current situation and prospects of …, which is key for all other issues, requires a long-term coordinated action by the entire international community.

We strongly believe that results of our research will contribute to …

The results of this work are summarized in … .

We have made recommendations for developed and developing countries … .

We strongly recommend the inclusion of these recommendations in the draft as integral part of the action which will be ….

We also suggest some practical actions for …

We have already submitted our amendments to the Conference Committee …

We consider it is important to pay more attention to … .

Our delegation has no objections to the proposed programme of work and timetable, but we would like to make a brief comment on the recent proposals …

These recommendations supported by … can be a significant substantive contribution to the decisions of the Conference.

I wish you every success in your work. Thank you for your attention.