Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности употребления местоимений some, any, no и производных от них.

1. He has brought you some books on Criminalistics.

2. There were no journalists at the briefing.

3. I saw nobody in the sheriff office.

4. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?

5. I’m sorry but I didn’t have any information you are interested in.

6. Did he tell you anything about his suspicions?

7. I have asked everybody about her address but nobody knows where she lives.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, является ли глагол to be смысловым, глаголом-связкой, вспомогательным или модальным. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role in society.

2. The law is on our side.

3. He was caught red handed.

4. The legislation was to be introduced to help single-parent families.

5. That day was too long and hard for them.

6. The police laboratory is on the eighth floor.

3. Определите, является ли глагол to have смысловым, вспомогательным или модальным. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Have you ever seen any court or prison in documentaries?

2. Interpol has succeeded in drawing public attention to the scale of the hidden economy.

3. The traffickers (those who are involved in drug traffic) of today has nothing in common with a typical street-corner pusher (уличный торговец).

4. The victim of the crime has to call his insurance agent today.

5. He had a legal right to demand a replacement of a faulty product.

6. He doesn’t have much common sense.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Anyone who wants to own a gun, even a shortgun ( a gun for shooting birds or rabbits) must get a firearm certificate from the police.

2. Criminals have the right to appeal against their sentences to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal is refused there can be a final appeal to the House of Lords, but this rarely happens.

3. Murderers should not be subjected to the principle «an eye for an eye»ю

4. You will be allowed to make this material public only tomorrow.

5. In an accident the immediate care might save the life of a victim.

6. The Prime Minister will not be able to make policy decision without the agreement of his Cabinet.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения. Выпишите из каждого глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She had prepared all papers by the time her chief entered the office.

2. The family will have got serious financial difficulties by the time their guardian returns.

3. They have been waiting for the decision of the jury for an hour and a half.

4. Three unarmed policemen had been killed in cold blood before their partners arrived.

5. I had expected to get news by the end of the last week.

6. The police departments will have undertaken certain steps for order’s sake by the end of the week.

3. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности перевода косвенной речи.

1. The investigator reported that the suspect had begun testifying.

2. She asked why they punished her.

3. The man declared that he hadn’t committed the crime they accused him of.

4. He said that I could accompany him to the court.

5. The judge said that he would ask the people to leave the room unless they stopped shouting.

6. One of the shop owners asked if his colleagues paid money to gangsters in return for «protection».

VII. Прочитайте следующий текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык 2-й, 4-й и 5-й абзацы текста.

The most glamorous aspect of police work

1. The basic responsibility of the police is to fight crime, maintain order and provide miscellaneous services to the public. Criminal investigation is the most glamorous aspect of policing. Most police officers regard detective work as a «real» police work. Detective work has a specific mission: apprehending the offender. The quality of work can also be measured in terms of the number of arrests. This contrasts with patrol duty, which largely involves peace-keeping. Good detectives are able to solve even complicated crimes.

2. The process of investigating a crime must involve several different steps performed by at least three different units within the police department: patrol officers, detectives, criminalistics technicians. The two major stages of the investigation process are the preliminary investigation and the follow-up investigation.

3. The preliminary investigation is normally the responsibility of the patrol officer who is the first to arrive at the scene of the crime. His major responsibilities are: arresting any suspect or suspects; providing aid to victims; securing the crime scene to prevent loss of evidence, collecting all relevant physical evidence. Once the responding officer has completed the preliminary investigation, the case is assigned to the detective bureau for the follow-up investigation. In all but the smallest departments, the detective unit is separate. The smallest departments have no separate detective unit. Medium-sized departments have a separate detective unit but detectives here are to handle all types of crime. Larger departments specialize according to the type of crime: crimes against person; crimes against property, etc.

4. Technical specialists are normally located in a separate administrative unit. They are to assist detectives in the follow-up investigation. Only the larger police departments are able to maintain their own criminalistics specialists. There are several steps in the follow-up investigation. They include interrogation of suspects, if arrested at the crime scene, interview of witnesses; search of the crime scene for physical evidence, modus operandi review to determine if the crime is similar to others tinder investigations or resembles crime committed by known suspects, development of additional information from informants, contacts, official records.

5. To obtain information about suspect criminal activity, the police have to make use of informants. Persons who are either criminals themselves or associate with criminals are extremely valuable sources of information. Police offices seek to develop the list of informants.

Пояснения к тексту

miscellaneous services – разнообразная помощь;

in terms of – с точки зрения;

follow-up investigation – текущее расследование, вторичное расследование;

to assign – передавать, поручать;

modus operandi (Lat.) – способ совершения преступления, «почерк».

8. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов.

1. основная обязанность

2. поддерживать правопорядок

3. задержание преступника

4. криминалист (специалист по криминалистике)

5. предварительное дознание

6. место преступления

7. подозреваемый

8. предотвратить утрату улик

9. относящиеся к делу вещественные доказательства

10. в соответствии с

11. преступление против личности

12. допрос

13. опрос свидетелей

14. осмотр места преступления

15. разработка дополнительной информации

16. осведомитель

17. официальный архив (досье)

18. преступная деятельность

19. ценный источник информации

20. стараться, пытаться.

8. Найдите в 1-ом и 3-ем абзацах три предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Подчеркните их, предложения выпишите и письменно переведите их на русский язык.

8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту.

1. What may be called the basic responsibility of the police?

2. How can you define a specific mission of detective work?

3. Who is as a rule involved in the process of investigation?

4. What is the use of modus operandi review?

5. Why do police officers seek to develop the list of informants?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ДОМАШНЕГО ЧТЕНИЯ

THE BIRTH OF LAW

Rules and laws – and the conventions or customs from which they are descend – have been a part of human life ever since our ancestors first began to live in large and settled groups. But our knowledge is vague of laws that were in effect before the invention of writing in about 3500 B.C. The earliest known legal text was written by a king of the Mesopotamian city of Ur, in about 2100 B.C. It dealt largely with compensation for bodily injuries, and with the penalties for witchcraft and runaway slaves.

One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into a great stone pillar which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen.

The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16 century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi`s words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crime, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.

Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderers but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow.

The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which a man could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position- though he would also be awarded less if he won.

Nevertheless, Hammurabi's laws represented an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.

The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop a concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. The Greek believed that laws were made by the people for the people.

What the Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concept of “natural law”. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people. The concept of natural law and the development of the first legal system had a profound effect on the modern world.

Draco’s laws were shockingly severe (hence the term draconian), so severe that they were said to have been written not in ink but in blood. On the civil side they permitted enslavement for debt, and death seems to have been the penalty for almost all criminal offences. Solon, the Athenian statesman, is known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. Solon revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane.

THE NATURE OF LAW

Lawyers are typically interested in the question: What is the law on a particular issue? This is always a local question and answers to it are bound to differ according to the specific jurisdiction in which they are asked. In contrast, philosophy of law is interested in the general question: What is Law? This general question about the nature of law presupposes that law is a unique social-political phenomenon, with more or less universal characteristics that can be discerned through philosophical analysis. General jurisprudence, as this philosophical inquiry about the nature of law is called, is meant to be universal. It assumes that law possesses certain features, and it possesses them by its very nature, or essence, as law, whenever and wherever it happens to exist. However, even if there are such universal characteristics of law—which is controversial, as we will later discuss—the reasons for a philosophical interest in elucidating them remain to be explained. First, there is the sheer intellectual interest in understanding such a complex social phenomenon which is, after all, one of the most intricate aspects of human culture. Law, however, is also a normative social practice: it purports to guide human behavior, giving rise to reasons for action. An attempt to explain this normative, reason-giving aspect of law is one of the main challenges of general jurisprudence. These two sources of interest in the nature of law are closely linked. Law is not the only normative domain in our culture; morality, religion, social conventions, etiquette, and so on, also guide human conduct in many ways which are similar to law. Therefore, part of what is involved in the understanding of the nature of law consists in an explanation of how law differs from these similar normative domains, how it interacts with them, and whether its intelligibility depends on other normative orders, like morality or social conventions.

Contemporary legal theories define these two main interests in the nature of law in the following terms. First, we need to understand the general conditions that would render any putative norm legally valid. Is it, for example, just a matter of the source of the norm, such as its enactment by a particular political institution, or is it also a matter of the norm’s content? This is the general question about the conditions of legal validity. Second, there is the interest in the normative aspect of law. This philosophical interest is twofold: A complete philosophical account of the normativity of law comprises both an explanatory and a justificatory task. The explanatory task consists of an attempt to explain how legal norms can give rise to reasons for action, and what kinds of reasons are involved. The task of justification concerns the question of whether people ought to comply—morally speaking or all things considered—with law’s demands. In other words, it is the attempt to explain the moral legitimacy of law and the subjects’ reasons for complying with it. A theory about the nature of law, as opposed to critical theories of law, concentrates on the first of these two questions. It purports to explain what the normativity of law actually consists in. Some contemporary legal philosophers, however, doubt that these two aspects of the normativity of law can be separated.

EU LAW

EU law is divided into «primary» and «secondary» legislation. The treaties (primary legislation) are the basis or ground rules for all EU action.

Secondary legislation – which includes regulations, directives and decisions – are derived from the principles and objectives set out in the treaties.

How EU decisions are made

The EU’s standard decision-making procedure is known as ««Ordinary Legislative Procedure’ (ex «codecision»). This means that the directly elected European Parliament has to approve EU legislation together with the Council (the governments of the 28 EU countries). The Commission drafts and implements EU legislation.

EU treaties

The European Union is based on the rule of law. This means that every action taken by the EU is founded on treaties that have been approved voluntarily and democratically by all EU member countries.

The Treaty of Lisbon increased the number of policy areas where «Ordinary Legislative Procedure» is used. The European Parliament also has more power to block a proposal if it disagrees with the Council.

Regulations, Directives and other acts

The aims set out in the EU treaties are achieved by several types of legal act. These legislative acts include regulations, directives, recommendations and opinions. Some are binding, others are not. Some apply to all EU countries, others to just a few.

Application of EU law

EU law - which has equal force with national law - confers rights and obligations on the authorities in each member country, as well as individuals and businesses. The authorities in each member country are responsible for implementing EU legislation in national law and enforcing it correctly, and they must guarantee citizens’ rights under these laws.

Find legislation

EU legislation takes the form of:

• Treaties establishing the European Union and governing the way it works

• EU regulations, directives and decisions - with a direct or indirect effect on EU member states.

Find case-law

EU case-law is made up of judgments from the European Union's Court of Justice, which interpret EU legislation.

WHAT IS A CRIMINALIST?

A criminalist is a person with a background in science, typically having at least a baccalaureate degree in an area such as chemistry, biology, forensic science, or criminalistics. Some criminalists have degrees in other, similarly related areas. Many criminalists have advanced degrees.

With the above scientific background and additional training given by his/her employer (either a government or private laboratory) a criminalist applies scientific methods and techniques to examine and analyze evidentiary items and testifies in court as to his or her findings. Please read below, under criminalistics, for a more detailed description of what criminalists do.

WHAT ARE SOME TYPES OF CRIMINALISTICS?

Firearms and Toolmarks

Criminalists provide information to investigators about the caliber and type of firearm used in a crime. Scratches, or striation marks, are left on bullets by the barrel of a pistol or rifle. Once a firearm is recovered, these marks can individualize a bullet to a unique firearm to the exclusion of all other firearms. Similarly, tools used in crimes can leave striation and other marks on surfaces. These marks can be compared to the tool believed to have made them. If the comparison is a positive match, a tool may be individualized as having made the mark to the exclusion of all other tools. A computer database of marks on cartridge cases and bullets has been developed to link a particular firearm to serial crimes.

Trace Evidence

Trace evidence, frequently overlooked because of its microscopic size, applies microanalysis to fibers, hair, soil, paint, glass, pollen, explosives, gunshot residue, food, plastic bags, and virtually anything involved in a crime. No training exists that will prepare the trace evidence analyst for every kind of case that will cross their workbench, as each case is fascinatingly unique. By having a thorough knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of microscopic, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods, the criminalist can meet the analytical challenge of each case.

DNA and Serology

In the mid 1980s, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) techniques began to be applied to forensic cases. Any tissue from the body carrying the genetic code of DNA may be used to compare to a standard. This can possibly allow blood and other biological material to be associated with an individual. Databases of DNA profiles have been compiled to aid in identifying criminals and have been used to solve cases many years old, where samples were properly preserved and reanalyzed. In some cases innocent persons have even been released from prison based on the reanalysis of DNA evidence.

Drugs, Alcohol and Toxicology

The criminalist uses a battery of analytical tools and their knowledge of chemistry to identify controlled substances in powders, pills and liquids and body fluids. A criminalist may be called to a clandestine laboratory by investigators, where illegal drugs are produced. Criminalists are frequently responsible for maintaining breath alcohol analysis instruments and training of the laboratory technicians and police officers who run the tests on those suspected of driving under the influence. Sometimes no controlled substance is present and sometimes more than one kind of drug can be detected in a sample.

WHAT DOES A CRIMINALIST DO?

Criminalistics is one of many divisions in the field of forensic science. Forensic science includes forensic pathology, odontology, entomology, engineering, criminology, and other disciplines. All of these are specialized sections in forensic science. Criminalists use techniques learned in chemistry, molecular biology, geology, and other scientific disciplines to investigate and solve crimes. Criminalistics should not be confused with the field of criminology. Criminologists are sociologists, psychologists, and others who study the causes and effects of crime on society.

For the criminalist, crime scene investigation involves the recognition, documentation, collection, preservation, and interpretation of physical evidence which may be as big as a truck or as small as a diatom or pollen grain. Recognition of items out of place, articles improperly located or items added to the crime scene are an important part of crime scene processing. The criminalist collects, preserves, and makes interpretations about the evidence and their relation to the series of events resulting at the crime scene.

The criminalist brings evidence back to the laboratory where examinations will be conducted. Interpretations are made about the relevance of a particular item from the crime scene by associating particular items of evidence to specific sources and reconstructing the crime scene. This means not only associating a suspect with a scene but also the telling of a story about what transpired before, during and after the crime. The criminalist must draw on a wide spectrum of scientific knowledge including chemistry, biology, genetics, molecular biology, physics, statistics and a working knowledge of civil and criminal law. Applying this knowledge, criminalist will associate and identify evidence, interpret the results, reconstruct the crime scene, and write a report summarizing the findings.

Finally, the criminalist testifies in courts of law, teaching the judge and jury about the conclusions reached in the laboratory.

TESTIMONY

The end of the journey is the court room where testimony of the crime scene work, laboratory analysis, the conclusions on the report and interpretation of the evidence will be presented and questioned. The criminalist tells the truth in an unbiased manner, educating the jurors about the techniques that were used, the results obtained and interpretations derived from those conclusions. The criminalist must answer the question posed so that their answer is not misleading the jurors. If the question posed requires a yes or no answer but an explanation is needed to explain the yes or no answer, they are obligated to give an explanation. Professionally, the criminalist does not care whether the defendant is found guilty or not guilty. Presentation of the evidence in a fair and unbiased manner and telling the truth are the primary obligations of the criminalist.

DEFINITION OF ORGANIZED CRIME

Organized criminal groups – secret, exclusive societies with their own rules and regulations – have been studied by sociologists and psychologists for decades. In recent years the criminal underworld has also fascinated artists, writers and filmmakers. Let us dwell upon the problem of organized crime definition.

An organized crime is a crime in which there is more than one offender and they intend to remain associated with one another for the purpose of committing crimes. The means of executing the crime include violence, theft, corruption, economic power, deception and victim participation. These are not mutually exclusive categories – any crime may employ a number of these means.

The objective of most organized crimes is power, either political or economic. These two types of objectives also are not mutually exclusive and may coexist in any organized crime.

While there is no generally accepted definition of organized crime, there have been a number of attributes identified by law enforcement agencies and researches as indicative of the phenomenon. Organized crime:

• is nonideological

• is hierarchical

• has a limited or exclusive membership

• uses illegal violence and bribery

• demonstrates specialization/division of labor

• is monopolistic

• is governed by explicit rules and regulations.

As one can see there is no uniform definition of organized crime developed yet, but a more general description would be any group of individuals organized to profit by illegal means on a continuing bases.

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II	Перевод
to be to become to begin to break to bring to build to burn to buy to choose to come to cat to do to draw to drink to drive to eat to fall to feel to fight to find to fly to forget to get to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hold to keep to know to lead to learn to leave to let to light to lose to make to mean to meet to put to read to ring to run to say to see to sell to send to set to show to shut to sing to sit to sleep to speak to spend to stand to swim to take to teach to tell to think to throw to understand to win to write	was, were became began broke brought built burnt bought chose came cut did drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew hung had heard held kept knew led learnt, learned left let lit lost made meant met put read rang ran said saw sold sent set showed shut sang sat slept spoke spent stood swam took taught told thought threw understood won wrote	been became begun broken brought built burnt bought chosen come cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown hung had heard held kept known led learnt, learned left let lit lost made meant met put read rung run said seen sold sent set shown shut sung sat slept spoken spent stood swum taken taught told thought thrown understood won written	быть становиться начинать(ся) ломать приносить строить гореть, жечь покупать выбирать приходить резать делать тащить, рисовать пить везти есть падать чувствовать бороться находить летать забывать получать, становиться давать идти, ехать расти, выращивать вешать иметь слышать держать держать, хранить знать вести учить(ся) оставлять позволять зажигать терять делать значить встречать класть читать звонить бежать сказать, говорить видеть продавать посылать помещать, класть показывать закрывать петь сидеть спать говорить тратить, проводить стоять плавать брать учить сказать думать бросать понимать выигрывать писать