Minerals

Minerals are natural compounds formed through geological processes. The term "mineral" encompasses not only the material's chemical composition but also the mineral's structure. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms (organic compounds are usually excluded). The study of minerals is called mineralogy.

To be classified as a "true" mineral, a substance must be a solid and have a crystal structure. It must also be an inorganic, naturally-occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition. The chemical composition may vary between the members of a mineral system. Mineral-like substances that don't strictly meet the definition are sometimes classified as mineraloids. Other natural-occurring substances are Nonminerals. Industrial mineral is a commercial term and refers to commercially valuable mined materials.

There are currently just over 4,000 known minerals, according to the International Mineralogical Association, which is responsible for the approval of and naming of new mineral species found in nature.

VI. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian:

1. The engineering education should be more industrially oriented.

2. Many of the engineering courses are now much too intensive and students have too little time or encouragement, to read and think for themselves.

3. It is practically impossible to cover all the subjects which an engineer may find useful in lifetime.

4. Industry must recognize that a graduate will need training in the specific area in which he is working.

5. It is clear that there is to be much more interchange of staff between industry and higher education.

VII. Translate the following words and word combinations with the help of a dictionary:

Approval, to mine, mineral species, homogeneous substance, chemical composition, to range, naturally-occurring substance, solid, to exclude, to encompass, pure element.

VIII. State the Infinitives of the following Participle II of irregular verbs. Translate them – found, been, met, taken, had, known, made, thought.

3 курс 1 семестр

Контрольна робота № 4

І. In the following sentences find the Infinitive Constructions (Complex Object, Complex Subject) and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. We know the pressure to decrease as altitude increases.

2. I found him to be a very clever man.

3. These measures are known to increase the efficiency.

4. Coal was found to be rather abrasive.

5. Question should be considered to be settled.

II. Check if you know the Participle Complexes (Constructions) and translate the sentences with them into Ukrainian:

1. The porous partition keeps the solutions separated.

2. We observed the magnetic areas of films retaining their mirror-like appearance without any apparent deterioration.

3. Only over-current protection is provided, the earth leakage protection being separated.

4. They wished the installation adjusted properly.

5. They had their car serviced by the mechanic at the garage.

III. Define the tense-forms in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. We shall have finished our work by 6 o’clock.

2. The positive particle in the nucleus was given the name of the “proton”.

3. The electrons leaving the metal surface can produce considerable current.

4. She says she has just had a telephone call from home.

5. The students have been carrying out their experiment for 2 hours already.

IV. State the function of the –ing forms in these sentences and translate them:

1. The turbulent flow of gases produces cooling.

2. They continued testing until the sample was destroyed.

3. Carrying this test successfully was helped by the careful investigations of outstanding scientists.

4. Each specimen is tested again after being lowered into the acid.

5. It is conventional starting the engine from cold.

V. Translate the text into Ukrainian: