Контрольная работа Вариант 2

1. Переведите предложения, определите функции слова one:

1. One may say that the function of criminal law is punitive and corrective. 2. Each district court has from one to eighteen Federal district judges, the number depends on the amount of work within the territory. 3. The British Constitutional system is one which has developed over centuries for the protection of its social order. 5. A court law is one which administers justice according to the principles and the forms of common law.

2. Переведите предложения, укажите функцию слов that, those:

1. The problem that we discussed lately is of great international significance. 2. The regional courts hear and determine cases that are similar in character to those tried by district courts but which are of a more serious nature. 3. That is the man that told me about it. 4. We want to have friendly relations with all governments and with that of the U.S. as well.

3. Прочитайте и переведите Текст 1. Абзацы 1, 2, 3 переведите письменно.

Текст 1

Torts

1. The concept of tort – a wrongful act among private individuals – exists in most modern systems of law. The definitions of many torts closely resemble definitions of crimes. For example, the tort of conversion in English law covers taking, destroying or selling someone else’s goods, as does the crime of theft. When a tort is committed, the same act is often also a crime. But the essential difference between torts and crimes is that the former are the subject of civil law disputes between private individuals, and the latter are prosecuted by the state. Sometimes an individual takes an action in the law of tort because he has been the victim of the crime but has gained no benefit from the criminal prosecution.

2. There are other differences between torts and crimes. As for all civil actions, the standard of proof required is lower than in criminal prosecutions. And for many torts it is not necessary to show any particular mental element, so tort actions are often appropriate in the case of accidents. Тhe law of tort covers a wide area of wrongdoings.

3. The requirements of proof differ for each tort. Sometimes it is necessary to show a degree of carelessness, as in the tort of negligence. In others, a defendant may be liable even if he was not at fault, such as the strict liability tort where an animal you keep on your land manages to escape and cause damage. In some torts it is necessary for the plaintiff to show that he has suffered actual damage or injury, such as the tort of nuisance, whereas in others no harm need be shown.

4. Although some torts refer to specific kinds of wrongdoing, the tort of negligence is used in many different situations: when someone falls into a hole in the road, for example, or is given the wrong treatment by a hospital, or is injured by faulty machinery at work. The number of negligence actions is increasing all over the world, as is the amount of damages.

5. At one time cases were only actionable if personal injury or damage to property could be shown, but it is now possible to claim for financial loss connected to this. Indeed, a person may sue for economic loss alone if this resulted from a negligent false statement, as in the case of a garage owner whose business failed to make profits because the previous owner had not told him a new road being built would divert cars away from the garage. Damages are now awarded for the mental distress caused by an accident, as well as the physical suffering. And it may even be possible for a third party to sue after suffering nervous shock as the result of witnessing an accident.

4. Выпишите из Текста 1 английские эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: гражданское правонарушение; противоправное деяние; возбудить гражданское дело; истец; ответчик; спор; подлежать преследованию; предъявлять иск; возмещение ущерба; обязанность соблюдать осторожность; извлекать пользу; противоправное деяние, подлежащее рассмотрению в гражданском суде; жертва; доказательство.