А.V. Gulin
S.E. Sinyutina
А.G. Shubina
Biochemistry
In Two Parts
Part II
Tambov 2012
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
«TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY
NAMED AFTER G.R. DERZHAVIN»
А.V. Gulin, S.E. Sinyutina, А.G. Shubina
Biochemistry
Approved by the editors committee of
TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin as a course book
for foreign students studying medicine
Speciality 060101 – Medicine
In Two Parts
Part II
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Recommended for printing by the Editorial-Publishing Council of TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin |
Editors:
M.D., professor V.B. Maximenko;
M.D., professor K.I. Zasyadko
Translated by:
R.V. Salikov, M.V. Kuznetsov, D.M. Gritskov, A.P. Rogozina
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Gulin, A.V. Biochemistry : a course book for foreign students stu-dying medicine : In Two рarts. Part II / А.V. Gulin, S.Е. Sinyutina, А.G. Shubina ; Ministry of Education and Science of RF, FSBEI HPE «Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin». Tambov : the Publishing House of TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin, 2012. 216 рр.
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© Gulin А.V., Sinyutina S.Е., Shubina А.G., 2012 © FSBEI HPE «Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin», 2012 |
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ
ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ
ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«ТАМБОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ИМЕНИ Г.Р. ДЕРЖАВИНА»
А.В. Гулин, С.Е. Синютина, А.Г. Шубина
Биологическая химия
Допущено Редакционно-издательским
советом ТГУ имени Г.Р. Державина в качестве
учебного пособия для иностранных студентов,
обучающихся по специальности
060101 – Лечебное дело
В двух частях
Часть II
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УДК 577.1 ББК 28.072 Г94 |
Рекомендовано к печати Редакционно-издательским советом ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина
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Рецензенты:
доктор медицинских наук, профессор В.Б. Максименко;
доктор медицинских наук, профессор К.И. Засядько
Перевод выполнен:
Р. Саликовым, М. Кузнецовым, М. Грицковым, А. Рогозиной
Г94 |
Гулин, А.В. Биологическая химия : учебное пособие для иностранных студентов университетов, обучающихся по специальности «Лечебное дело» : в 2 ч. Ч. II / А.В. Гулин, С.Е. Синютина, А.г. Шубина ; М-во обр. и науки РФ, ФГБОУ ВПО «Тамб. гос. ун-т им. Г.Р. Державина». Тамбов : Издательский дом ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина, 2012. 216 с.
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УДК 577.1 ББК 28.072
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© Гулин А.В., Синютина С.Е., Шубина А.Г., 2012 © ФГБОУ ВПО «Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина», 2012 |
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Contents
I. THEORETICAL PART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
1. Lipids metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
1.1. Classification of lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
1.2. Digestion and absorption of fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
1.3. Fatty acids oxidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
14 |
1.4. Lipogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
19 |
1.5. Metabolism of phospholipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
21 |
1.6. Essencial fatty acids. Eicosanoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
1.7. Cholesterol metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
1.8. Regulation of lipid metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
29 |
1.9. Violations of lipid metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
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2. Proteins metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
2.1. Pathways of proteins degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
2.2. Amino acids metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
2.3. Ammonia neutralization in the body . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
2.4. Violations of nitrogen metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
46 |
2.5. Metabolism of individual amino acids. . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
2.6 Metabolism of conjugated proteins. Chromoproteins metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
52 |
2.7. Nucleoproteins metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
55 |
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3. Template biosyntheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
3.1. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
3.1.1. DNA biosynthesis (replication). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
3.1.2. RNA biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
3.2. Protein biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
3.2.1. Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
3.2.2. Post-translational modification of proteins. . . . . . . |
70 |
3.2.3. Regulation of protein biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 |
3.3. Genetic engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
74 |
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4. Hormones, nomenclature, classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
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5. Metabolic processes interaction in the organism . . . . . . . |
89 |
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6. Mineral and water and salt metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
6.1. Water in the human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
6.2. Salt metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
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7. Renal biochemistry. The role of the kidneys in the regulation of water and salt metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
7.1. Excretory function of the kidneys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
7.2. Homeostatic function of the kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
108 |
7.3. Metabolic function of the kidneys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
109 |
7.4. Regulation of water and salt metabolism and uropoiesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
111 |
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8. Biochemistry of nervous tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
8.1. Features of metabolism of nerve tissue . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
8.2. The mechanism of nerve impulses conduction . . . . . |
118 |
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9. Biochemistry of muscle tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
124 |
9.1. Chemical composition of muscle tissue . . . . . . . . . . . |
125 |
9.2. Mechanism of muscular contraction and its regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
129 |
9.3. Biochemical changes in muscles in pathology . . . . . . |
131 |
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10. Biochemistry of extracellular matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
133 |
10.1. Structure of extracellular matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
133 |
10.2. Features of metabolism of extracellular matrix. . . . . |
137 |
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11. Blood biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
141 |
11.1. Respiratory function of blood. Buffer systems of blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
143 |
11.2. Blood coagulation system. Changes in pathology . . . |
148 |
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12. Liver biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
12.1. Main functions of the liver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
157 |
12.2. Choleresis. Pigment metabolism. Types of jaundice |
164 |
12.3. Detoxifying liver function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
168 |
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13. Regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. . . . . |
172 |
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14. Bone biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
176 |
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II. LABORATORY PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
182 |
Laboratory work 1. Lipid metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
182 |
Laboratory work 2. Phospholipids. Cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . . |
185 |
Laboratory work 3. Digestion of proteins. Determination of acids of gastric contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
188 |
Laboratory work 4. The end products of nitrogen metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
192 |
Laboratory work 5. Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
196 |
Laboratory work 6. Mineral and water and salt metabolism. . |
200 |
Laboratory work 7. Urine biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
203 |
Laboratory work 8. Blood biochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
209 |
Laboratory work 9. Detection of bile pigments in urine . . . . |
212 |
Laboratory work 10. Biochemistry of bone and connective tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
213 |
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Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
214 |