- •Federal Agency of Education tambov state university named after g.R. Derzhavin
- •Biochemistry (part I)
- •Tambov 2012
- •I. Theoretical part The subject Of biological chemistry
- •1. Chemistry of proteins
- •1.1. Methods of exctraction and purification of proteins
- •1.2. Functions of proteins
- •1.3. Amino-acid composition of proteins
- •1.4. The structural organization of proteins
- •1.5. Physical and chemical properties of proteins
- •1.6. Classification of proteins
- •1.6.1. Simple proteins
- •1. Albumins and globulins.
- •2. Protamines and histones.
- •3. Prolamins and glutelins.
- •1.6.2. Conjugative proteins
- •1. Proteins containing non-heme iron.
- •Nucleic acids
- •The structure of nucleic acids
- •Test Questions
- •2. Enzymes
- •2.1. The chemical nature of enzymes
- •2.2. The mechanism of enzymes action
- •2.3. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions
- •2.4. Enzyme properties
- •2.5. Regulation of enzyme activity
- •1. Control of the enzyme amount.
- •2. Control of enzyme activity.
- •2.1. The influence of activators and inhibitors on the enzymes.
- •2.3. Chemical modification of the enzyme.
- •2.4. Allosteric regulation.
- •2.6. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
- •2.7. Enzymes in medicine
- •Test Questions
- •3. Vitamins
- •3.1. Fat soluble vitamins
- •3.2. Water soluble vitamins
- •Vitamin-like substances
- •Test Questions
- •4. Basic principles of biomembranes’ organisation
- •4.1. Structure and functions of membranes
- •1. Phospholipids (90%) - glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids:
- •4.2. Transport of substances across membranes
- •2. Facilitated diffusion
- •Test Questions
- •5. Transmembrane transduction of the hormonal signal
- •Test Questions
- •6. Introduction to metabolism
- •6.1. Stages of catabolism
- •III. A common catabolic pathway.
- •6.2. Bioenergetics
- •6.3. Organization and operation of the respiratory chain
- •6.4. Uncoupling of oxidation from phosphorylation
- •6.5. Generation of free radicals in cells
- •6.6. Reactions of the common catabolic pathway
- •6.6.1. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
- •6.6.2. Citric acid cycle
- •7. Carbohydrate metabolism
- •7.1. Digestion of carbohydrates
- •7.2. Glycogen metabolism
- •7.3. Glycolysis
- •7.4. The inclusion of fructose and galactose
- •In glycolysis
- •7.5. The shuttle mechanisms
- •7.6. Cori cycle
- •7.7. Alcoholic fermentation
- •C6h12o6 → 2 ch3chohcooh
- •7.8. Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)
- •7.9. Gluconeogenesis
- •Synthesis of glucose from the pyruvic acid.
- •Fructose bisphosphatase
- •Glucose-6-phosphatase
- •7.10. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
- •Glucose → glucose-6-phosphate.
- •Pyruvate → oxaloacetate → phosphoenolpyruvate
- •7.11. Violations of carbohydrate metabolism
- •Violation of hydrolysis and absorption of carbohydrates
- •Violations of the intermediate metabolism of carbohydrates
- •Quiz Questions
- •II. Laboratory practice Laboratory work 1. The analysis of amino acids and proteins
- •1. Qualitative analysis of amino acid mixtures by thing layer chromatography method.
- •2. Colour reaction of proteins.
- •2.1. Millon’s reaction.
- •2.2. Ninhydrin’s reaction.
- •3. Reactions of precipitation of proteins.
- •3.1. Precipitation of proteins with salts of heavy metals.
- •3.3. Precipitation of proteins with the help of concentrated mineral acids.
- •3.4. Precipitation of proteins by organic acids.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 2. Conjugated proteins: glycoproteins and phosphoproteins
- •1. Phosphoproteins.
- •1.1. Proof of protein component’s present in the casein hydrolyzate.
- •1.2. Proof of phosphoric acid’s presence in the casein hydrolyzate.
- •1.3. Determination of the isoelectric point of casein.
- •2.4. Proof of carbohydrate’s presence in the egg albumin.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 3. Conjugated proteins: nucleoproteins and chromoproteins
- •1. Nucleoproteins
- •1.1. Isolation of deoxyribonucleoproteins from the spleen.
- •1.2. Reaction with diphenylamine.
- •2. Chromoproteins.
- •2.1. Benzidine test for hemin group of hemoglobin.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 4. Enzymes
- •1. Detection of peroxidase in potatoes.
- •2. Detection of pepsin in the gastric juice.
- •3. Hydrolysis of starch by α-amylase.
- •4. Specificity of amylase and sucrase enzymes action.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 5. Identifying the activity of enzymes
- •1. The influence of activators and inhibitors upon activity of enzymes.
- •1. The influence of activators and inhibitors upon α-amylase.
- •1.2. Inhibitory effect of chloride ions on dehydrogenase complex of potatoes.
- •2. Identifying the activity of α-amylase according to Wolgemut.
- •Test questions
- •Inhibitor calimine
- •Laboratory work 6. Vitamins
- •Vitamin a (vitamin a, retinol)
- •Vitamin d (calciferol)
- •3.1. Reaction with concentrated nitric acid.
- •3.2. Reaction with ferric chloride (III).
- •9.2. Reaction with methylene-blue.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 7. Oxidoreductases. Common catabolic pathway
- •1. Comparison of redox-potentials of riboflavin and methylene blue.
- •2. Identifying of catalase activity according to a.N. Bach and а.I. Oparin.
- •Test questions
- •Laboratory work 8. Carbohydrate metabolism
- •2.1. Trommer’s test with copper hydroxide.
- •2.2. Discovery of fructosuria by Selivanov’s test.
- •2.3. Enzymatic method of semi-quantitative identification of glucose in urine with the help of "GlucoPhan" test strip.
- •Test questions
- •References
Federal Agency of Education tambov state university named after g.R. Derzhavin
А.V. Gulin
S.E. Sinyutina
А.G. Shubina
Biochemistry (part I)
Approved by the editors committee of TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin as a course book for foreign students studying medicine
Speciality 060101 – Medicine
Tambov 2012
Editors:
M.D., professor V.B. Maximenko
M.D., professor K.I. Zasyadko
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Gulin A.V. Biochemistry (part I): a course book for foreign students studying medicine /А.V. Gulin, S.Е. Sinyutina, А.G. Shubina; Federal agency of education; TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov: TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin Publishing house, 2012. - с. |
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Перевод выполнен Саликовым Р, Грицковым М, Рогозиной А., Мальцевой М., Кузнецовым М.
© TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin, 2012 |
Contents
I. THEORETICAL PART
The subject of biological chemistry
1. Chemistry of proteins
1.1. Methods of exctraction and purification of proteins
1.2. Functions of proteins
1.3. Amino acid composition of proteins
1.4. The structural organisation of proteins
1.5. Physical and chemical properties of proteins
1.6. Classification of proteins
1.6.1. Simple proteins
1.6.2. Conjugative proteins
2. Enzymes
2.1. The chemical nature of enzymes
2.2. The mechanism of enzymes action
2.3. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions
2.4. Properties of f enzymes
2.5. Regulation of enzymes activity
2.6. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes
2.7. Enzymes in medicine
3. Vitamins
3.1. Fat soluble vitamins
3.2. Water soluble vitamins
4. Basic principles of biomembranes' organization
4.1. Structure and functions of membranes
4.2. Transport of substances across membranes
5. Transmembrane transduction of hormonal signal
6. Introduction to metabolism
6.1. Stages of catabolism
6.2. Bioenergetics
6.3. Organization and operation of respiratory chain
6.4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation
6.5. Generation of free radicals in cells
6.6. Reactions of the common catabolic pathway
6.6.1. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
6.6.2. Citric acid cycle
7. Carbohydrates metabolism
7.2. Glycogen metabolism
7.3. Glycolysis
7.4. The inclusion of glucose and galactose in glycolysis
7.5. The shuttle mechanisms
7.6. Cori cycle
7.7. Alcohol fermentation
7.8. Pentose-phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)
7.9. Gluconeogenesis
7.10. Regulation of carbohydrates metabolism
7.11. Violations of carbohydrate metabolism
II. LABORATORY PRACTICE
Laboratory work 1. The analysis of amino acids and proteins
Laboratory work 2.Complex proteins: phosphoproteins and glycoproteins
Laboratory work 3. Complex proteins: nucleoproteins and chromoproteins
Laboratory work 4. Enzymes
Laboratory work 5.Identifying of enzymes activity
Laboratory work 6. Vitamins
Laboratory work 7. Oxidoreductases
Laboratory work 8. Carbohydrates metabolism
Bibliography