Українська державна академія залізничного транспорту Гуманітарний факультет

Кафедра “Іноземні мови”

Методичні вказівки з розвитку навичок різних видів професійно орієнтованого читання за темою “Рухомий склад та спеціальна техніка залізничного транспорту (Вагони - частина 2)”

для студентів 2 курсу механічного транспорту

(англійська мова)

Харків, 2007

Методичні вказівки розглянуто та рекомендовано до друку на засіданні кафедри “Іноземні мови” 24 березня 2006, протокол № 8

Методичні вказівки призначені для студентів 2 курсу механічного факультету.

Укладач: ст.викл. Л.І. Токмакова, викл. Л.М. Загрійчук

Рецензент: доц. Донець С.М.

PART I

UNIT 1

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following words and word combinations. Learn them by heart.

1. alloy – сплав

2. saving – економія

3. spring – ресора

4. bolster – балка; брус

5. airspring – пневматична ресора

6. dormitory – місце для відпочинку, спальня

7. dome – купол; склепіння

8. storage battery – акумуляторна батарея

9. to pipe – пускати по трубах; подаватись по трубах

10. drain – утеча

11. accommodation – щось, що задовольняє деяку потребу, зручність

12. glazing – скляні роботи

13. empire – імперія

14. recherché – відбірний; вишуканий, тонкий

15. plate-glass – дзеркальне скло

16. drapery – драпірування

17. crimson – малиновий, темно-червоний

18. chaste – строгий, чистий, простий (про стиль)

19. moulding – ліпна прикраса

20. gilt – позолота

21. carved – різьблений

22. opulence – велика кількість, багатство

23. elaborate – мистецьки зроблений; тонкої роботи

24. chandelier – люстра

25. brocaded – парчевий

26. upholstery – оббивка, оббивний матеріал

27. walnut – горіхове дерево, деревина горіхового дерева

28. washstand – умивальник

29. to relieve – оживляти; придавати контрастність, рельєфність, яскравість

30. diner – вагон - ресторан

31. tile – керамічна плитка

32. cork – кора пробкового дерева; пробковий

33. rug – килим

34. streamliner – поїзд обтічної форми

35. refined – покращений, удосконалений

36. groundwork – фон

Exercise 2. Substitute the italicized words with their synonyms (see Exc.1).

1. The carpets on the floor were of dark red colour. 2. Restaurant-cars are usually located in the centre of the train consist. 3. After the refurbishment all the cars of the train were perfected and exquisite. 4. All the lamps on the ceiling were artificially made. 5. The trimmed with gold mirrors made the car luxurious. 6. This designer is famous for his elegant but plain style. 7. Very often railway cars are used as “bedrooms” for workers.

Exercise 3. Translate the following word and word-combinations.

To be constructed of wood, to be commonplace, conventional springs, four-wheel bogie, 'skyscraper' cars, plastic domes, spectacular scenery, by means of, lighting, sleeping accommodations, onboard effects, brand image, smoking saloon, graceful designs, richly carved polished mahogany, image of opulence and luxury, underfloor heating, lighting from elaborate chandeliers, brocaded fabric seat upholstery, walnut interior finish, gilt-edged mirrors, inlaid mosaic tile flooring, the era of streamliners.

Text 1: HISTORICAL REVIEW

In the early days, coaches were constructed entirely of wood, including the frames. Ву 1900, steel frames were commonplace; then coaches were constructed entirely of steel and became very heavy. One American 85-foot (26 m) coach with two six-wheel bogies weighed more than 80 tons. New lightweight steel alloys and aluminium began to be used; in the 1950s the Budd company in America was building an 85-foot coach which weighed only 27 tons. The savings began with the bogies, which were built without conventional springs, bolsters and so on; with only two airsprings on each four-wheel bogie, the new design reduced the weight from 8 to 2,5 tons without loss оf strength or stability.

     In the I880s, 'skyscraper' cars were two-storey wooden vans with windows used as travelling dormitories for railway workers in the USA. After World War II double-decker cars of а mоrе compact design were built, this time with plastic domes, so that passengers could enjoy the spectacular scenery on the Western lines, which pass through the Rocky Mountains.

     Lighting on coaches was by means of oil lamps at first; then gas lights were used, and each coach carried а cylinder оf gas, which was dangerous in the event of accident or derailment. Finally dynamos on each car, driven by the axle, provided electricity, storage batteries being used for when the car was standing. Heating on coaches was provided in the early days by metal containers filled with hot water; then steam was piped from the locomotive, an extra drain of the engine's power; nowadays heat as well as light is provided electrically.

   Sleeping accommodations were first made on the Cumberland Valley Railroad in the United States in 1837. George Pullman's first cars ran on the Chicago & Alton Railroad in 1859 and the Pullman Palace Car Company was formed in 1867. The first Pullman cars operated in Britain in 1874, а year after the introduction of sleeping cars by two Britishrailways. In Europe in 1876 the International Sleeping Car Company was formed, but in the meantime George Nagelmackers of Liege and an American, Col William D'Alton Маnn, began operation between Paris and Vienna in 1873.

Using fabrics and textiles to create onboard effects, almost always as a package along with panelling, glazing and ceiling features, is only slightly younger than train travel itself. They were used to create brand image, long before they were used in competition with other companies.

One of the most spectacular early examples of using interior features to create a brand image concerns the Eastern Countries Railway (ECR) between London and Colchester, Cambridge and Newmarket. By 1845, George Hudson had added this line to his empire and the following year a smoking saloon was ready for use by the first class passengers. The vehicle’s introduction was widely reported in the press:

“The internal decorations are of the most recherché description. The seats extend the full length of the side, and are handsomely covered with Morocco leather… The sides are lighted by eight plate-glass windows of unusual size, while the ends are fitted up with four plates of looking glass. Its drapery is composed of bright crimson silk framed in very graceful designs. The roof presents an exceedingly chaste appearance. The groundwork is painted white, the mouldings being gilt. The general furniture is of richly carved polished mahogany… They will be attached to all the fast trains to and from Cambridge.”

A similar use of fabrics and other materials to create a brand image of opulence and luxury marked the US work of George Pullman. His famous Pioneer of 1864-1865 involved underfloor heating, lighting from elaborate chandeliers, rich red floor carpet, brocaded fabric seat upholstery, a polished black walnut interior finish, gilt-edged mirrors, and marble washstands in the lavatories.

The other example is Great Central’s London extension (1899). First-class compartments and diners in the trains on this line were paneled and finished in figured mahogany, relieved with gold, and third-class in polished teak, plus light and brown oak for the diners. Both classes had separate ladies’ and gentlemen’s lavatories, with inlaid mosaic tile flooring. All other areas were floored in cork, with rugs in the first class compartments.

The “Flying Scotsman” (1928) had a Louis XIV-style first class restaurant car, a hairdressing saloon, and a ladies’ retiring room. There were millions of examples in the history of great designs but we choose only the most extraordinary and the most significant of them.

Then, the era of streamliners broke out. Companies began to invent and create modern, refined projects to attract more clients. The fierce competition and even a brand war in terms of interior between companies producing passenger cars have begun. It is clear that textiles and fabrics throughout most of the train’s 150-plus-year history have consistently played a major part in the defining the passenger experience being offered.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions.

1. What were coaches constructed of in the early days? 2. What innovations had taken place by 1900? 3. What did the savings begin with? 4. What were the ‘skyscreaper’ and double-decker cars? 5. What can you tell about the lighting and heating on coaches? 6. Where and when were sleeping accommodations first made? 7. What was used to create brand image and what is slightly younger than train travel itself? 8. What materials were used to decorate luxurious sleeping cars of that time? 9. Why do companies use all these? Give your own reasons.

Exercise 5. Match words with their definitions.

1 coach 2 bogie 3 dynamo 4 brand 5 groundwork 6 elaborate 7 streamliner

a) trademark (painted or printed on boxes, tins, packets, etc.) b) foundation; basis c) a train, having a shape that offers least resistance to the flow of air d) railway carriage, often divided into compartment e) worked out with much care and in great detail f) four-wheeled undercarriage fitted under a railway engine or wagon to enable it to go round curves g) machine for changing steam-power, water-power etc. into electrical energy