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3. Units of Measurement

Customary system

Linear measure

Mariners’ measure

12 inches

1 foot

6 feet

1 fathom

3 feet

1 yard

3 nautical miles

1 league

5.5 yards

1 rod

Liquid measure

Square measure

4 gills

1 pint

144 square inches

1 square foot

2 pints

1 quart

9 square feet

1 square yard

4 quarts

1 gallon

30 1 / 4 square yards

1 square rod

31.5 gallons

1 barrel

Metric and customary equivalents

Linear measure

Customary unit

Metric unit

1 inch

25.4 millimeters

2.54 centimeters

1 foot

30.48 centimeters

3.048 decimeters

0.3048 meter

1 yard

1 mile

0.9144 meter

1609.3 meters

1.6093 kilometers

0.03937 inch

1 millimeter

0.3937 inch

1 centimeter

3.937 inches

1 decimeter

Units of measurement:

What is being measured

British Imperial System

SI system

power

hp(horsepower)

kW( киловатт)

лошадинаясила

1 kw =1,36 hp

torque

lb-ft ( pound-foot)a unit of torque

Nm (Ньютон- метр)

фунто – фут

1 kN/m=68,5 lb-ft

единица измерения крутящего момента

frequency of rotation

rpm (revolutions per minute)

radian per second

( rad /s)

( радианвсекунду)

число оборотов в минуту

1 radpersecond = 9.55 rpm

pressure

psi (pounds per square inch)

bar (бар) = 100 kPa

( килопаскаль)

давление в фунтах на квадратный дюйм- давление в одну атмосферу

1bar =14,5 psi

length

Mi (mile)

Km ( километр)

единицадлины, равная 1.609 км

4. Keys to exercises: Unit 1

Ex.1, p.

1

2

3

4

5

b

a

d

e

c

Ex.2, p.

1

2

3

4

5

c

b

d

e

a

Ex. 3, p.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

c

e

a

f

d

b

j

i

g

h

Ex. 4, p.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

f

i

c

g

j

a

d

h

b

e

Ex. 5, p.

1

2

3

4

5

c

d

a

b

e

Ex. 6

1. its higher compression ratios and lean burn combustion provide high efficiency (key: diesel

2.its average thermodynamic efficiency is 15 percent better (key: diesel)

3. its pricey after-treatment system crimps (снижает) efficiency (key: diesel )

4. its ethanol-boosted concept makes it possible to achieve thermal efficiency . (gasoline)

5. we see incremental improvements in hardware such as independent cylinder combustion control (diesel)

6. its fuel energy density is lower . (gasoline)

7. it still needs regular maintenance to keep it running . (diesel)

8. its small ignition retard ( запаздывание) makes them more speedy. (gasoline)

9. it is more easily turbo-charged. (diesel)

Unit 2

Ex. 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

c

d

e

f

a

b

Ex. 2 b)

1

2

3

4

5

a/d

a

c

c

b

Ex. 2 c)

1

2

3

4

b/c

e

d

a

Ex.4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

e

f

a

d

g

c

b

Ex. 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

f

a

g

c

b

d

e

?

h

Unit 3

Ex. 1 Unit 3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

b

c

a

f

i

d

e

g

j

h

Ex. 3 Unit 3

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

b

a

g

f

c

d

e

Ex.4 Unit 3

1

2

3

4

5

6

c

a

b

e

d

g

Ex.6 Unit 3

1

2

3

4

5

have been combined

has been used

offers

is used

was developed

Ex.7 Unit 3

1

2

3

4

5

  1. advancement

d. performance

a. reduced

c. strength

e.durability

Unit 4

Ex1. Unit 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

d

b

g

a

c

e

f

Ex.2 Unit 4

1

2

3

4

5

d

a

b

e

c

Ex. 5 Unit 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

g

c

f

d

i

b

a

e

h

Ex.6 Unit 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

a

f

d

h

b

g

c

e

Unit 5

Ex.1 Unit 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

c

g

a

b

d

e

h

f

j

i

Ex. 2 Unit 5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

c

a

f

b

g

d

e

h

Ex. 3 Unit5

1

2

3

4

5

d

b

a

e

c

Ex. 4 Unit5

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

e

f

c

a

b

g

d

Ex.5 Unit 5:

  1. lead acid batteries

  2. lead acid batteries

  3. lithium–ion batteries

  4. lithium–ion batteries

  5. lead acidbatteries

  6. lead acidbatteries

  7. lithium–ion batteries

  8. lead acidbatteries

  9. lead acidbatteries

  10. lithium–ion batteries