- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
Must. The verb must has only one form. The expressions to have to and to be obliged to, which have the same meaning, can be used to supply the missing tense forms of the verbmust. And now I must go back to my social duties. (Voynich) I felt that I had to have the air.(De la Roche) Must expresses obligation, necessity, an urgent command or prohibition, and a supposition bordering on assurance. Bисловлює зобов'язання, необхідність, терміновy команду або заборонy, і припущення. 1.Obligation, necessity. зобов'язання, необхідність (a) due to circumstances (у зв'язку з обставинами): He must write. He must earn money. (London) The absence of necessity is expressed by need not: Must I go there to-morrow? Yes, you must. No, you needn't,
All experience tended to show that, man must die. (Galsworthy) Весь досвід, як правило, показують, що людина повинна померти. (Голсуорсі) 2. A command, an urgent (emphatic) request or a prohibition. Команда, терміново запит або заборона. You must leave the room at once! You must come to see me every vacation. (Voynich) 3.Probability or supposition. Імовірність або припущення. It corresponds tothe Russian должно быть. Is she still waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour. Она все ждет? Должно быть, она ждет уже целый час. |
Should and ought. The modal verbs should and ought are treated together here as there is hardly any difference between them. Very often they are interchangeable. It's murder, and we ought to stop it. (London) Both should and ought express obligation, something which is advisable, proper or naturally expected. Обидва should and ought висловлюють обов'язок, те, що є доцільним, власне, природно очікувати. 1.Obligation, very often a moral obligation or duty. In this meaning ought is more often used thans hould. Promises of that sort should never be broken.(Meade) Такие обещания никогда не должны нарушаться. 2.Advisability. Целесообразность. In this meaning should is more common than ought, us it always shows some personal interest where as ought is more matter-of-fact. You should be more careful. (London) Вам следует быть осторожнее. You ought to have Warmson to sleep in the house. Нужно было бы, чтобы Уормсон спал у вас в доме. 3.Something which can be naturally expected. то, что может быть естественно ожидаемо. It's the last of the Madeira I had from Mr. Jolyoti.. it ought to be in prime condition still. (Galsworthy) Это последняя бутылка мадеры, которую я получил от мистера Джолиона.. она должна быть еще в отличном состоянии. If it's a story by Wodehouse it should be amusing. Если это рассказ Вудхауса, он должен быть забавным.
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То be + Infinitive. То be + Infinitive is a modal expression. Dear Jim, I am to be shot at sunrise to-morrow.(Voyulch) They were to go to Spain for the honeymoon. (Galsworthy) To be + Infinitive expresses a weakened order, an arrangement, possibility, something thought of as unavoidable. 1.An order which is generally the result of an arrangement made by one person for another, an arrangement which is not to be discussed. Порядок, который, есть результатом договоренности, сделанное одним человеком для другого, расположение, которое не будет обсуждаться. You are to go straight to your room. You are to say nothing of this to anyone. Ты должна идти прямо в свою комнату. Ты никому не должна ничего говорить об этом. 2.An arrangement or agreement, part of a plan. Договоренность или соглашение, часть плана. I'm sorry, Major, we had an agreement — I was to do the questioning here. (Heym) Простите, майор, мы условились, что допрос буду вести я. 3.Possibility. Here the meaning of the modal expression comes very close to that of the verb can. How are they to know that yon are well connected if you do not show it by your costume? (Shaw) Как могут они знать, что у нас большие связи, если вы не показываете этого своей манерой одеваться? 4.Something thought of as unavoidable. Что-то думал, как о неизбежном. I went about brooding over my lot, wondering almost hourly what was to become of me. (Dreiser) Я все время размышлял о своей судьбе, беспрестанно задавая себе вопрос, что со мной станет. |
To have + Infinitive. The modal ехрrеssion to have + Infinitive is used in three tense forms: the Present Indefinite, the Past Indefinite and the Future Indefinite. I have to get up at six every day. I shall have to take the pupils into the hills, as usual, and see them settled there. The negative and interrogative forms of this modal expression are formed with the help of the auxiliary do. Did you have to walk all the way home? I did not have to walk, I took a tram. To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Выражает обязательство или необходимость, вытекающие из обстоятельств. It is often rendered in Russian by приходится, должен, вынужден. Bing knew that if Willoughby demanded it, he had to give the report. (Heym) Bing знал, что, если Упллоубп этого требует, он должен дать отчет.
Though both the modal expressions to be + Infinitive and to have + Infinitive express a shade of obligation or necessity, there is a great difference in their meaning. Выразить оттенок обязательства или необходимости.
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