Non-finite forms of the verb.
A nonfinite verb is a verb that does not function as the predicate verb in a clause. Це дієслова, які не функціонують як предикати дієслова в реченні. While some nonfinite verbs take the form of past or present participles, they are generally not inflected—that is, they don’t have mood, tense, number, aspect, gender, or person.
There are three main types of nonfinite verbs: gerunds, infinitives, and participles.
Gerunds (герундій як прикметники)
A gerund is an -ing verb that functions as a noun—for example:
Are you into reading? Sailing is my favorite sport.
When the same words are used as adjectives (прикметники), they are participles.
Infinitives (інфінітів як іменники та прикметники). Infinitives are noninflected verbs that are often preceded by to. They may function as adverbs (прислівники): I struggle to understand. They may function as nouns: To read is good for the mind. And they may function as adjectives: I don’t have time to eat.
Participles дієприкметники (дієслова як прикметники). Participles are -ed and -ing verbs that function as adjectives—for example: The sleeping cat is brown. The freshly picked tomatoes look delicious. I am going to the store. The kids were dropped off at school.
Nonfinite clauses. A nonfinite clause is a dependent clause whose main verb is nonfinite.
It may function as a noun, adjective, or adverb (іменник, прикметник, прислівник):
Your calling me was very considerate. Твій дзвінок мені… The firetruck, blaring its siren, sped down the road.
We wanted to bring you a present.
Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
Like all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i. e. constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun. Cловесний елемент виражається герундієм в присудковому звязку до номінального елемента, вираженого іменником або займенником. I don't like your going off without any money. (Maltz)
Here the gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.
The nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways.
If it denotes a living being it may be expressed: |
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Do you mind ту smoking? (Hardy) Вы ничего не имеете против того, чтобы я курил? |
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I have a distinct recollection of Ladyb Chilterri always getting the good conduct prize! Я отлично помню, что леди Чильтерн всегда получала награды за примерное поведение. |
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I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. Надеюсь, вы простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил. |
2. If the nominal element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case) or by a possessive pronoun. |
I said something about my clock being slow. (Du Maurier) Я сказала, что мои часы отстают. ... Peggotty spoke of... my room, and of its being ready for me. (Dickens) ... Пеготти говорила... о моей комнате и о том, что она уже приготовлена для меня. |
3. The nominal element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something. |
I insist on both of them coming in time. Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя. |
A gerundial construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.
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His being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. (Aldington) To, что он был иностранец, бывший неприятель, было уже плохо. Her thoughts were interrupted at last, by the door opening gently. (Reade) Ее мысли были наконец прерваны тем, что дверь тихонько открылась. I began to picture to myself... my being- found dead in a day or two, under some hedge. (Dickens) Я начал представлять себе, как через день или два меня найдут мертвым под каким-нибудь забором. |
Predicative constructions with the infinitive.
Конструкция сложное дополнение (Complex Object, The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction) являє собою поєднання іменника в загальному відмінку або особистого займенника в об'єктному відмінку з інфінітивом.
Конструкция сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject, The Subjective Infinitive Construction, The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction) являє собою поєднання іменника в загальному відмінку або особистого займенника в називному відмінку, що виконує в реченні функцію підмета, з інфінітивом.
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КОНСТРУКЦИЯ FOR-TO-INFINITIVE Дана конструкція являє собою поєднання іменника в загальному відмінку або особистого займенника в об'єктному відмінку з інфінітивом за допомогою прийменника for:
ФУНКЦІЇ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ "FOR-TO-INFINITIVE" У РЕЧЕННІ
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Predicative and absolute constructions with the participle. !!!
The Objective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. In the next berth she could hear her stepmother breathing heavily. Ей было слышно, как на соседней койке тяжело дышит ее 1 мачеха. In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object. The Objective Participial Construction may be found: (a) after verbs denoting sense perception, such as to see, to hear, to feel, to find, etc. Then he looked out of the window and saw clouds gathering. (Dreiser) Потом он выглянул из окна и увидел, что собираются тучи. I heard my wife coming...(Conan Doyle) She could feel her hands trembling exceedingly. (Hardy) (b) after some verbs of mental activity, such as to consider, to understand. I consider myself engaged to Herr Klesmer. (Eliot) Я считаю себя помолвленной с господином Клесмером. (c) after verbs denoting wish, such as to want, to wish, to de sire. In this case only Participle II is used. The governor wants it done quick. (Bennett) Отец хочет, чтобы это было сделано быстро. (d) after the verbs to have andto get; after these verbs only Participle II is used. I had my coat altered. Я переделала пальто (т. е. поручила кому-то переделать его). Не ... had several bottles of wine brought ... (Dreiser) Ему ... принесли несколько бутылок вина. The Subjective Participial Construction. The Subjective Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle (mostly Participle I) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case, which is the subject of the sentence. Особливістю цієї конструкції є те, що вона не служить однією частиною речення: один з її складових частин має функцію підмета, інші форми речення - складеного дієслівного присудка. The horse was seen descending the hill. (Hardy) Видно было, как лошадь спускалась с холма. Then Bathsheba's footsteps were heardcrossing the room.(Hardy) Было слышно, как Батшеба прошла через комнату. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction is a construction in which the participle stands in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case; the noun or pronoun is not the subject of the sentence. The door and window of the vacant room being open, we looked in. (Dickens) Так как дверь и окно пустой комнаты были открыты, мы заглянули в нее. In the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction Participle I (in all its forms) or Participle II is used. It is used in the function of an adverbial modifier. It can be an adverbial modifier: (a) of time. The lamp having been lit, Mrs. Macallan produced her son's letter. (Collins) Когда зажгли лампу, миссис Макаллан достала письмо от сына. (b) of cause. It being now pretty late, we took our candles and went upstairs(Dickens) Так как было довольно поздно, мы взяли свечи и пошли наверх. (с) of attendant circumstances. супутніх обставин. In this function the Nom. Absolute Part. Cons. is mostly placed at the end of the sentence. In rendering it in Russian a coordinate clause or ! деепричастный оборот is used. (d) of condition. In this function the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction occurs but seldom and is almost exclusively used with the participles permitting and failing. Weather (time, circumstances) permitting, we shall start tomorrow. Если погода (время, обстоятельства) позволит, мы поедем завтра. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. The Absolute Participial Construction may be introduced by the preposition with and is then called the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is in most cases used in the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. This construction is rendered in Russian by a coordinate clause or деепричастный оборот. |
