- •15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
- •Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
- •The formation and use of the Passive Voice in English.!!!
- •Predicative constructions with the gerund. !!!!
- •Modal verbs (can, could, may, might). Meaning and use.
- •Modal verbs (must, should, ought to, to be to, to have to). Meaning and use.!!!
- •25. Modal verbs with different types of the infinitive.
- •26.The category of Mood. The Subjunctive Mood in modern English.!!!
- •27. The Subjunctive Mood in complex sentences.
- •Agreement of the predicate with the subject.!!!!
- •Rules of agreement
- •Conjunctions and connectives.
- •Simple sentence. Types of classification. !!!!!
- •Simple sentence. The main and the secondary parts of the sentence.
- •The communicative types of the sentence.!!!
- •Interrogative sentences
- •The General and pronominal interrogative sentences formation.!!!!
- •Interrogative sentence. Tag-question formation.
- •Word order. Common pattern of the sentence in English. Inversion.
- •39. Independent elements of the sentence.!!!!!!!!
- •Structural classification of the main parts of the sentence.
- •The Subject. Ways of expressing the Subject.
- •Formal and informal subject “it”.
- •Formal subject “it” and “there”.!!!!!
- •The Grammatical classification of the subject.
- •2. By some noun-pronouns:
- •3. By a gerund or a gerundial phrase.
- •In the latter case two negative сonstructions are possible:
- •The Predicate as the principal part of the sentence. Structural classification of the predicate.
- •The Simple predicate.!!!!!
- •The Compound predicate.
- •48. The Predicate and Predicative. Ways of expressing the Predicative.
- •The Link verbs as a compound nominal predicate. !!!!!!!1
- •The Object as the secondary part of the sentence. Types of Objects.
- •The Attribute as the secondary part of the sentence. The position of Attributes. !!!!1
- •The Adverbial modifier. The semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifiers.
- •Ways of expressing the adverbial modifiers.
- •The Adverbial modifier. Types of adverbial modifiers of time. !!!!!!
- •The Adverbial modifier of cause, purpose and result. Причина, результат, мета.
- •The Composite sentence. Structural classification of the composite sentence.
- •The Composite sentence. Nominal clauses.!!!!!!!1
- •The Composite sentence. Adverbial clauses.
- •The Compound sentence. Types of coordination.
- •The Complex sentence. Attributive clauses.
The present tense used as a future tense. Very often, we use a present tense in English to talk about future events. “Where are you going next summer?” Simple present form of the verb can be used to refer to the action in the future if it is thought of a foregone(заранее известное) and does not express any personal attitude of the speaker to the statement. "The train comes at 10:20." - «Поезд придёт в 10:20.» "It is spring soon." - «Скоро весна.» "She must wait untill I come." - «Она должна ждать, пока я не приду.» |
The Will Future. "Will", used in the case of: sudden, unplanned decision to commit any act: "Somebody's come. I will open the door." - «Кто-то пришёл. Я пойду, открою дверь.» remarks opinions, assumptions: "I think it will not help." - «Я думаю, что это не поможет.» for registration of the expected future (News, an official statement): "The teams will face each other two times during two weekends in two countries." «Команды столкнутся друг с другом два раза в течение двух уик-эндов в двух странах.» |
The Shall Future. If the action is forced to depend on the will of others or external circumstances, it is used modal verb "shall": "You shall pay for this!" - «Ты за это заплатишь! (угроза: вынужден заплатить).» "If you lose your identity card, you shall pay a fine." - «Если вы потеряете удостоверение, вы должны заплатить штраф.»
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Действие в будущем, выраженное с помощью Present Continuous. It is used to express the previously planned activities or events, and if that were performed or are performed other preparatory steps: "We are having guests tonight." - «Сегодня вечером, мы принимаем гостей.» (уже пригласили гостей или определённым образом подготовились).
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The Modal Future. In most cases we are talking about action in the future, not as a fact but as a prediction, intention, and also as apossibiliti the probability, (предсказании, намерении, а также о возможности, вероятности ) that is realized with the help of modal verbs and their analogues: "You must be having guests tonight." - «Должно быть сегодня вечером, вы принимаете гостей.» "What could you be doing at this time tomorrow?" - «Что бы ты мог делать завтра в это время суток?» |
The To-be-going-to Future is used for the transmission of the decision to perform an action or predictions of actions based on the information available. "I am going to be there at 6." - «Я буду там в 6.» (согласно своим расчётам), "Are you going to stay here?" - «Вы здесь останетесь?» (планируется ли), "It's going to rain." - «Собирается дождь.» "You're not going to believe what he is doing with it" |
The To-be-to Future used for the transmission of predictions, prophecies, intentions, desires, opportunities, action or state of obligation. "He is to be a great warrior." - «Ему предстоит быть великим воином.» "I'm to get my first tattoo." - «Я собираюсь сделать мою первую тату.» |
Future Unreal Subjunctive. It expresses the possibility, desirability, conditional action. Future Unreal Subjunctive: образуется с помощью verb в форме Past simple, и употребляется для построения предложения с указанием на действие в будущем, которое рассматривается как нереальное: "If I came tomorrow, it would be late." - «Если бы я пришёл завтра, было бы уже поздно.» "What if it happened tomorrow." - «А что, если бы это произошло завтра.»
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15. Ways of showing future actions in English.!!!
Sequence of tenses in English. Indirect Speech.
Sequence of Tenses is a principle according to which the Tense of the Verb in the Subordinate Clause follows the Tense of the Verb in the Principal Clause. Rule I. (a) If the Verb in the Principal Clause is in the Present or Future Tense, the Verb in the Subordinate Clause may be in any Tense according to the sense. But if there is some Purpose or Condition in Subordinate Clause, only Present Tense will be used in it. (b) If the Verb in the Principal Clause is in the Present or Future Tense, the Verb in the Subordinate Adverb Clause of Purpose must be in the Present Tense: I work hard so that I may pass. I shall work hard so that I may pass. Exception: In a sentence, in conditional form, the Subordinate Clause generally takes a Verb in the Present Tense. Rule II. If the Verb in the Principal Clause is in the Past Tense, the Verb in the Subordinate Clause must be in the corresponding Past Tense (у відповідному Минулому часі): Exceptions:
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Indirect Speech. In indirect speech, some words of the speaker can be changed, and are not put quotes. 1. If the verb of the main clause, is used in the present or future tense, the verb of the subordinate clause in indirect speech is at the same time in which it was in direct speech. He says that he has my T-shirt. – Он говорит, что у него есть моя футболка. 2. If the verb of the main clause, using one of the past tenses, while the verb of the subordinate clause is used according to the rule of tenses. There are simple rules for the transfer of direct speech indirect speech:
Present Simple → Past Simple |Present Continuous → Past Continuous| Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Past Simple → Past Perfect |Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Future Simple → Future Simple in the Past |Future Continuous → Future Continuous in the Past Future Perfect → Future Perfect in the Past 5. Формы модальных глаголов в прямой речи в форме Past Tense меняются следующим образом. can → could | will → would |shall → should |may → might Но формы Past Tense от модальных глаголов could, would, should, might в косвенной речи сохраняются. 6. Модальный глагол must в косвенной речи может не меняться, или может принимать форму прошедшего времени от конструкции have to = had to. 7. Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs of time and place are replaced in other words. |