Introduction

The workbook is intended for the third-year students of the specialty “Pharmacy”. It can be used both at practical lessons and during independent work of students. In view of the fact that the material of the workbook is presented in English, it is equally suitable for the students of the Russian language of education and for the students of the Kazakh language of education.

The workbook contains 13 lexical topics within the educational program of the professional-oriented foreign language for the students of the specialty “Pharmacy”, as well final lexical-grammar test consisting of 50 test items.

For each topic, the active vocabulary is developed, within which not only lexical items on professional-oriented themes, but also their definitions are represented, what, in its turn, contributes to better retention of educational material. Professional-oriented texts are provided with exercises for the control of text comprehension and development of the skills of oral and written communication. The workbook includes exercises for the revision of the grammar material, as well exercises for consolidation of the definite grammar themes, which are the most difficult ones for the students of non-language faculties.

The aim of the workbook is to develop linguistic communicative competence of medical students. The main objectives of the workbook are enrichment of student‘s active and passive vocabulary in the sphere of professional-oriented terminology; development of the working knowledge of professional-oriented texts, as well the dialectic skills within the professional subjects. The basic principles of the workbook are informational content, novelty, and simplicity.

I.

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Topic: Amino acids.

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I. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. Translate them:

1. chain n [tʃein]

2. protein n [‘protein]

3.acid n [‘æsid]

4. sequence n [‘sikwens]

5. toincorporate v [in’kɔ:p(ə)rit]

6. compounds n [kəm’paunds]

7. nutrition n[nu’triʃn]

8. supplement n [‘sʌplimənt]

9. fertilizer n [‘fɜ:tilaizə]

10. unbranched adj [ʌn’brantʃt]

11. to involve v[in’vɒlv]

12. toconvert v[kən’vɜ:t]

13.carbodioxide n [‘kɑ:bəudaiə’ksaid]

14. tofeed v [fi:d]

15. requirement n [ri’kwaiəmənt]

II. Read the text: Amino acids

Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid.

Amino acids serve as the building blocks of proteins, which are linear chains of amino acids. Amino acids can be linked together in varying sequences to form a vast variety of proteins. Twenty amino acids are naturally incorporated into polypeptides and are called proteinogenic or standard amino acids. These 20 are encoded by the universal genetic code. Nine standard amino acids are called "essential" for humans because they cannot be created from other compounds by the human body, and so must be taken in as food.

Amino acids are important in nutrition and are commonly used in nutrition supplements, fertilizers, food technology and industry.

Amino acids are the structural units that make up proteins. They join together to form short polymer chains called peptides or longer chains called either polypeptides or proteins. These polymers are linear and unbranched, with each amino acid within the chain attached to two neighboring amino acids. The process of making proteins is called translation and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome.

When taken up into the human body from the diet, the 22 standard amino acids either are used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules or are oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a transaminase, the amino group is then fed into the urea cycle. Glycogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through gluconeogenesis.

Of the 22 standard amino acids, 9 are called essential amino acids because the human body cannot synthesize them from other compounds at the level needed for normal growth, so they must be obtained from food. In addition, cysteine, taurine, tyrosine, and arginine are semi essential amino-acids in children, because the metabolic pathways that synthesize these amino acids are not fully developed. The amounts required also depend on the age and health of the individual, so it is hard to make general statements about the dietary requirement for some amino acids.