21) Special colloquial vocabulary a. Slang

          Slang is deviation from the established norm and everything that is below the standard of educated speech in modern English. It is the language of highly colloquial type, consisting of new words or current word in some special sense, the language of a low and vulgar type.            Nowadays slang is highly praised as ‘vivid’, ‘more flexible’, ‘more picturesque’, ‘richer in vocabulary’. When slang is used, our life seems fresher and a little more personal.            So, slang reflects the personality, gives us clearly visible characteristics of the speaker.            There are many kinds of slang: Cockney, commercial, military, theatrical, society, school, etc.

Slang may indicate, in addition to the social situation, even on the professional speaking environment. For example, consider one of the most common and familiar to all jargon - computer. With his transfer there is less of a problem, because a lot of jargon borrowed - "user", "admin", "lamer". And if you can not pick up the jargon - such as slang for Claudia (keyboard) and Mama (mother board), because there is no English equivalent - you can just use different jargon in the same sentence. For example, the phrase: "He does not even know how to connect the clave" - ​​can be translated «This dummy (Maker) does not know how to connect his keyboard».

E. Vulgar Words/ Vulgarisms

          Vulgarisms are:             1) expletives and swear words: words with a strong emotive emotive meaning damn, bloody, to hell, goddam;

Such words are avoided in polite conversation             2) obscene words (four-letter words).  The function of the expletives is to express strong emotions, mainly annoyance, anger, vexation and the like in the direct speech of the characters. 

Thus, if a comedy designed for young people - there passed expressive vocabulary, literature is intended for a wider audience, so you can mitigate some of the expressionsin the translation.

22) A regional dialect may be introduced into the text either as a means of the author’s narration or as a means of a character’s speech characteristics. When used as a means of the author’s narration (e.g., V. Astafyev’s novels are written in Siberian dialect), the regional dialect is neutralized in translation,

Of course, this can lead to the loss of local coloring in translation, but the miss can be compensated by using realia belonging to the region.

A regional dialect used as a means of a character’s traits is normally compensated by a social dialect (sociolect). Dialectal words are colloquialisms, or slang, that is they evoke certain social associations. Cossacks from “Тихий Дон” (“Quiet Flows the Don”) by M. Sholokhov speak the dialect recognized as the speech of Southern Russia’s peasants. To translate this type of vocabulary, it is necessary to compensate it with stylistically marked, expressive colloquial words and structures, which lack a local ring.

Sociolect is used in the text for the stratifying characteristics of a character, that is, to show social class the person belongs to.

A translator is free to manipulate these locally and socially colored elements. S/he can make the compensation in some other part of the text. S/he can compensate phonetic peculiarities of speech with phraseological or syntactical units, etc.

When rendering a foreigner’s speech, it is necessary to take into account contrastive typology of the languages under consideration and traditions of the target language literature.

Regarding typology, a translator must know the contrastive features that differ one language from another and reveal a foreigner at once. For example, a typological mistake made by a foreigner speaking Russian is the usage of the verb aspect form. English-speaking person tends to use analytical forms of the verb, since their mother tongue is analytical, unlike synthetic Russian. Therefore, it is typical for a english to say in Russian Я буду уходить. instead of Я пойду.

Most typically, when translating foreign speech from English into Russian, a translator has to violate Russian rules of morphological and syntactic bonds between the words to show a foreign accent.

A non-traditional way of rendering Russian words in the speech of English teenagers was found by the translator of Anthony Burgess’s novel ”Заводной апельсин”, V. Boshniak. Burgess used Russian words, sometimes distorted, but written in Latin letters, to make the text sound strange for an English-speaking reader, to produce an ironic effect upon the receptor. This is mostly youth slang or neutral words, the meaning of which is incomprehensible for an English reader. To produce the same strange effect upon the translation reader, the translator borrowed a transliterated form of these Russian words and wrote them in Latin letters: Тут мы уже выступали этакими pai-malltshikami, улыбались, делали благовоспитанный zdrasting…

Substandard speech includes r taboo words as well as agrammatical forms and constructions. To maintain communicative adequacy in translation, it is necessary to understand that, transferred from one culture into another, these forms may provide a different, often inappropriate response from the receptor if translated too literally. In English many words of this type sound less rude than they do in Russian. Therefore, they are often neutralized in Russian translation.

This tactic is vital in oral translation of negotiations, interviews and the like. If there happens to be a participant who prefers an obscene word, the professional etiquette will not allow an interpreter to translate it. An experienced interpreter will soften the expressiveness of the word. A good example was provided by R. Minyar-Beloruchev’s practice. As a simultaneous interpreter, he happened to be translating Nikita Khrushchev at the Communist Parties leaders’ meeting in Moscow When the leader of Albanian communist party began to criticize Khrushchev for reducing help to Albania, used a milder phrase,

Agrammatical phrases purposefully used by the author to create a character can be compensated by other agrammatical forms typical of the speech in the target language or by colloquial structures, also typical of uneducated people.

Dialects have in every language, not the exception, and Russian, and Ukrainian. The question is how to transfer these features of the Russian language, while retaining the emotional and style of the original text. Sometimes it can be very difficult. Alternatively, and this is often seen in youth comedies, clean English translation of the Russian literary language and dialect for the transmission (eg, African-American Black English) use slang, often with vulgarisms or spoken phrases. This is a good way out, because the dialects often allowed deviation from grammatical rules. For example, in Black English verbs in present day 2 drops person singular ending -s, past tense is optional, and the verb "be" often can not be lowered in cases where it should be used in standard English.

23,20) § 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

According to the dominating function of the source text, translations are divided into literary and informative groups.

In literary translation, the poetic function of the text prevails. It is the translation of fiction prose, drama, and poetry. To translate a literary work, a translator should apply for the copyright.

Informative translation is the translation of texts on science, technology, official writings, business messages, newspaper and magazine articles, etc. These texts can also have an expressive function, but it is not dominating in the text. The prevailing function here is informative.

Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication. It is the coordination of the language means and stylistic devices which shapes the distinctive features of each style and not the language means or stylistic devices themselves.

Each style, however, can be recoquized by one or more leading features which are especially conspicuous. For instance the use of special terminology is a lexical characteristics of the style of scientific prose, and one by which it can easily be recognized.

A style of language can be fined as a system of coordinated, interrelated and inter-coordinated language means intended to full-fill a specific function of communication and aiming at a defined effect. Style of language is a historical category.

The English literary system has evolved a number of styles easily distinguishable one from another. They are not homogeneous and fall into several variants of having some central point of resemblance or better to say. All integrated by the invariant  — i.e. the abstract ideal system.