Анатомия и физиология человека

ɳɢɯ—ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ, ɚ ɥɟɜɚɹ — ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ

ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɬɟɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ.

§ 55. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ

ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ 2/3 ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɚ 1/3 ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɝɪɭɞ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ

ɤɨɫɬɶɸ (ɪɢɫ. 56). Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɋɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɢɫɬɢ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɭɥɚɤ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɜɟɫɚ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ŷ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ

Ɋɢɫ. ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɟɪɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɞ ɬɪɭɞɚ.

ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɚɹ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ — ɫɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ — ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ. ɋɟɪɞɰɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɨɤɨɥɨɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɥ ɢ ɫ ɬ ɤ ɨ ɜ (ɫɥɨɟɜ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɢɟɧɢɹɯ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ, ɚ ɨɤɨɥɨɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ.

ȼ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ: ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ. ȿɝɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ — ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɨɳɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ, ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɢ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɪɢɫ. 57) ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɰɢɬɨɩɥɚɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ ( ɍ) ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.

Ɋɢɫ. 57.

Ʉɥɚɩɚɧɵ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɐɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 58), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɜɨɪɨɤ (1). Ɉɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɢɬɢ (2), ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɨɜ (3), Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɢ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ ɨɬɝɢɛɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɬ ɤ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɜɨɪɤɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɦɵɤɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɫ ɬ ɜ ɨ ɪ ɱ ɚ ɬ ɵ ɨ ɤ ɥ ɚ ɢ ɚ ɢ ɵ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ.

ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ, ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ. Ɂɭɛɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɧɬɢ- ɧ ɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɡɭɛɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɷɦɚɥɶɸ.

ɋɦɟɧɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ 6— 7 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ 15 ɝɨɞɚɦ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ

ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɭɛ —ɡɭɛ «ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ» — ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 25—30 ɥɟɬ, ɚ ɭ 12—16% ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɧ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ

ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ɍ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɡɭɛ «ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ» ɛɵɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ, ɚ ɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɧ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɯɨɞ ɡɚ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɞɵ ɪɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚɬɶ, ɚ ɡɭɛɵ ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɭɬɪɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ.

ɋɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ — ɫɥɸɧɭ. ɗɬɢɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɬɪɢ ɩɚɪɵ: ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɵɟ, ɩ ɨ ɞ ɴ ɹ ɡ ɵ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɟ . Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɩɚɪ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ, ɟɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ, ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ.

ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ—ɫɥɸɧɚ — ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɟɟ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɧɚ 95—98% ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɵ. ȿɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ — ɷɬɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɫɥɚɛɨɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɰɢɧ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɫɥɸɧɵ. Ɉɛɜɨɥɚɤɢɜɚɹ ɩɢɳɭ, ɫɥɸɧɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ.

ȼ ɫɥɸɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ: ɦɚɥɶɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɬɢɚɥɢɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɜ ɝɥɸɤɨɡɭ. ɇɨ ɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɶɫɹ.

Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ 30—40 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɢɳɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɥɸɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ.

Ɂɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 600 ɞɨ 1500 ɦɥ ɫɥɸɧɵ. ɇɨ ɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɚɤɨɜɵ ɟɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɢɳɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɢɞɤɚɹ ɫɥɸɧɚ. Ʉɢɫɥɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɸɧɵ. ɋɚɦɨ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɫɥɸɧɵ.

ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɟɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɠɟɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɳɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ.

ɋɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɂ. 'ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨɟ ɜɵɞɡɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɪɨɬ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. Ɉɬ ɧɢɯ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ. Ɉɬɬɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɚɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ. ɇɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɸɧɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯɟ ɩɢɳɢ, ɚ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɧɟɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɢɨ ɢ ɞɭɝɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ȼɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɨɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ.

ɗɬɢ ɠɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɢɳɭ.

Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ. Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI—VII ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ȼ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ȼ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɟɜɫɬɚɯɢɟɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɨɝɥɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ.

ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ — ɬɪɭɛɤɚ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 24 ɫɦ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ 6—8 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɨɤ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ȼ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ.

ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɬɨɪɬɭ. ȿɝɨ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1—2 ɥ. Ɉɧ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɟɛɟɪɶɟ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ — ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɥɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ — ɩɟɪɢ- ɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɟɣ ɩɢɳɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ.

ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɤɢ. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɢɯ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢ-

ɝɚɟɬ 40 ɦɥɧ. ɗɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɠ ɟ ɥ ɭ ɞ ɨ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɣ ɫɨɤ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɩɫɢɧ. Ɉɧ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜ

ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ.

ɉɟɩɫɢɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ȿɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ

ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɬ 0,3 ɞɨ 0,5%. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɥɹɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ,

ɭɛɢɜɚɹ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɢ, ɨɛɟɡɡɚɪɚɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɤ ɢ ɠɢɪɵ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɂ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɩɬɢɚɥɢɧɚ ɫɥɸɧɵ. Ɏɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ, ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɤɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ.

Ɋɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɮɚɡɵ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ- ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɢɞ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɯ ɩɢɳɢ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. ɀɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɨɤ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ. ɂ. ɉ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɟɝɨ «ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɧɵɦ» ɢɥɢ «ɡɚɩɚɥɶɧɵɦ». Ɉɧ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɟ ɚɩɩɟɬɢɬɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ.

ɑɟɪɟɡ 15—20 ɦɢɧɭɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɞɵ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ, ɝɭɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɮɚɡɚ ɫɨɤɨɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɷɤɫɬɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚ ɦɹɫɧɵɯ ɛɭɥɶɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɨɜ, ɩɪɹɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. ɇɨ ɠɢɪɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɟɟ.

ȼ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ ɩɢɳɚ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɱɚɫɵ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɞɤɭɸ ɤɚɲɢɰɭ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ.

Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ. Ɉɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ—ɞɨ 5 ɦ. Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ, ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɨɤ. Ⱦɜɟ-

ȼ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɤ ɢ ɲ ɟ ɱ ɧ ɵ ɣ ɫɨɤ. ɉɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫɚɧɵ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɢɝɪɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ.

ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɟɺ 20 ɫɦ, ɜɟɫ 70 70-80 ɝ. ɗɬɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ

Ɋɢɫ. 66.

ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ȿɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ — ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɫ ɨ ɤ — ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ (ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ). Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢ ɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ).

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ — ɷɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɟɟ ɜɟɫ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 1500 ɝ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɛɟɪɶɟ. ɇɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩ ɭ ɡ ɵ ɪ ɶ (ɫɦ.

ɪɢɫ. 65, 5).

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ.

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɨɬɬɟɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɟɧɚɦ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ (ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ.

ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɱɶ — ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɬɨ-ɛɭɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɱɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɝɞɟ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ. ɉɪɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɪɰɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɠɟɥɱɶ ɢɡɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɨ.

ȼ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ɇɨ ɠɟɥɱɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɠɢɪɵ. Ɉɧɚ ɷɦɭɥɶɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɠɢɪɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɶɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɢ. ȼ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɦɭɥɶɫɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɠɟɥɱɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɭ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 700 ɞɨ 1200 ɦɥ

ɠɟɥɱɢ.

ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɤɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ.

ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɢɳɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɢɯ ɤ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦ.

(ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ: ɨɞɧɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ — ɧɟɬ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ— ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɡ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɭ.

Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ, ɬɭɬ ɠɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɂɚ ɫɭɬɤɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6—7 ɥ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ 150 ɦɥ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɦ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɟ.

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɛɟɥɤɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɉɨɩɚɜ ɜ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɭ ɱɟɥɨ-