4.1 Previous attempts by un

The UN Refugee agency（UNHCR）

The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established on December 14, 1950 by the United Nations General Assembly. The agency is mandated to lead and co-ordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve their problems worldwide. On July 28^th of the following year, the United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees has laid legal foundation for supporting refugees and the basic framework for guiding UNHCR's mission.

The primary purpose of UNHCR is to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees. It strives to ensure that everyone can exercise the right to seek asylum and find safe refuge in another State, with the option to return home to resettle in another country. The agency also has a mandate to provide support for the stateless people.

In an effort to protect refugees and to promote solutions to their problems, UNHCR seeks to reduce the risk of forced displacement by encouraging states and other institutions to create conditions that are conducive to the protection of human rights and the peaceful resolution of disputes. UNHCR works in partnership with local governments, regional organizations, international and non-governmental organizations to achieve these objectives.

Since 1950, UNHCR has helped tens of millions of people restart their lives. Today, a staff of more than 9,300 people in 123 countries continues to help and protect millions of refugees, returnees, internally displaced and stateless people.

UNHCR provides protection and assistance not only to refugees, but also to other categories of displaced or needy people, including asylum seekers or refugees who have returned home but still need help in rebuilding their lives and local civilian communities directly affected by the movements of refugees, stateless people and so-called internally displaced people (IDPs). IDPs are civilians who have been forced to flee their homes, but who have not reached a neighboring country and therefore, unlike refugees, are not protected by international law and may find it hard to receive any form of assistance. As the nature of warfare has undergone drastic changes in the last decades, with more and more internal conflicts replacing interstate wars, the number of IDPs has increased significantly to an estimated 5 million people worldwide. According to Bogumil Terminski, the stabilization of refugee problem worldwide is the main cause of the development of the studies on internal displacement.⁸

4.2 Previous attempts by ngOs

The Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have developed protection policies and/or designated protection capacities within their offices and field teams to help the refugees and protect their human rights. They are mainly focused on providing assistance and protection, advocating to governments and UN-organizations to make changes in laws, policies and practices.

4.2.1 The Women's Refugee Commission

Women's Refugee Commission was established at 1989 in bring about world’s attention on the particular needs of refugees, asylum seekers and internally displaced women, children and young people. ⁹ With regard to recent refugee problems, Women's Refugee Commission called for better protection measures, gender-based programs and a switch to long-term planning as new reports shed light on harsh reality for the life of women and girls taking refuge in Jordan. The Women's Refugee Commission is also calling for a renewed focus on the needs of the largest and most at-risk group of refugees – women and children – and a switch to long-term planning in the field. Women and children are the most vulnerable majorities among the refugees, for they are prone to be abducted, denied of human rights, raped and forced into military recruitment. These refugees are often faced with deportation and denial of their basic human rights and the Women’s Refugee Commission aims at providing continuous monitoring of the policies and practices that affect them.

Some recommendations the WRC has proposed are as following:

Better protect refugee rights in Jordan and deliver more effective services, humanitarian and development organizations must ensure that technical solutions truly match refugees’ needs.

Local NGOs and women's rights organizations must be at the heart of this effort, working with the international society to get refugees' voices heard. They should endeavor to create more safe spaces for the refugee and to promote more humanitarian projects that will benefit the community.

It is crucial to address the lack of support for Syrian men, who face the lack of employment, thus face challenges to economically and socially provide for their family.