Тема 8. Власність

План вивчення теми

1. Власність.

2. Модальне дієслово must.

Навчальні цілі

Засвоїти лексичні одиниці та оволодіти комунікативними компетенціями, які забезпечують адекватну мовленнєву поведінку в ситуаціях, пов’язаних з розумінням і наданням інформації стосовно власності у бізнесі, сформувати поняття про модальні дієслова, навчитись вживати модальне дієслово must.

Завдання та методичні рекомендації до вивчення теми

1. Прочитайте текст 1, намагаючись зрозуміти його якомога точніше та повніше.

TEXT 1

OBJECTS: WHAT CAN BE THE OBJECT OF PROPETY?

Classification of “things”

Anglo-American law is generally less concerned with matters of definition than is the civil law. Except in the United States, where defining something as property automatically entitles it to constitutional protection, there is less discussion in the Anglo-American legal system of whether a given interest or a given thing should be classified as property. Nonetheless, Anglo-American law shows broadly the same characteristics as the civil law. Almost all tangible things are conceived of as being capable of supporting property interests, some intangibles are treated the same as tangibles, and some are not.

Water

Water and land under and bordering on water are everywhere in the West treated differently from other kinds of property. Modern law in the West tends to give substantial power over water and land near water to the state. Beyond that the regimes vary substantially from jurisdiction to jurisdiction (see riparian rights; territorial waters).

The United States has a well-developed law concerning the taking of water from a navigable or nonnavigable stream. In the eastern part of the United States the right to take water from a stream is dependent on ownership of lands adjoining the stream. In the western part of the country the right to take water tends to depend on having first taken it (prior appropriation). In both parts of the country public regulation has increasingly come to the fore.

Other natural resources

Other natural resources have, in some Western legal systems, been removed from normal private ownership. The tendency on the Continent is to make all minerals subject to state ownership or at least to extensive state control. Historically in England, gold, silver, and lead were reserved to the crown. In the United States private ownership of minerals has been the rule, subject to considerable state regulation in the name of conservation. Just as the systems of private ownership with regard to water have tended to divide between those systems that award the water to the person who has it on his land and those that award it to the person who discovered or appropriated it, so too those Western systems that allow private ownership of minerals alternate between giving them to the landowner and giving them to the discoverer.

2. Для перевірки правильності розуміння прочитаного тексту виконайте наступні ситуаційні вправи:

Ситуація 1. Деяким людям до вподоби точні формулювання, у такому разі вони наступні вислови замінять на інші:

захист, відкривати, чергуватися, власність, присуджувати, судова система, резервувати, привласнення, цивільне право

1. ………… is the part of law that deals with disagreements between people rather than with crime.

2. The process of keeping someone or something save, or the condition of being kept save is…………

3. …………..means the set of laws of a particular country and the way that they are used.

4. The fact of owning something is known as ……..…………….

5. ……………..is the act of taking control of something, especially by a government, perhaps against the wishes of the owners.

6. To keep or restrict something so that it can be used only by a particular person or for a particular purpose means ………………..

7. ……………..is to make a legal decision to give someone the right to do something.

8. ……………. means to find a place, fact, or substance that no one knew about before.

9. …………….. means to happen or follow one after the other.

Ситуація 2. Текст із наступними висловлюваннями пошкоджений і вам необхідно його відтворити. Здогадайтесь, якого слова не вистачає. Уявіть, що матеріал в рамочці є ніби вашим пошуком варіантів.

state regulation, discoverer, crown, award, alternate, extensive, natural resources, discovered, legal systems, state ownership, landowner, appropriated

1. Other ……………….have, in some Western …………….., been removed from normal private ownership.

2. The tendency on the Continent is to make all minerals subject to ………….. or at least to ………………state control.

3. Historically in England gold, silver and lead were reserved to the ……………...

4. In the United States private ownership of minerals has been the rule, subject to considerable ………………….. in the name of conservation.

5. Just as the systems of private ownership with regard to water have tended to divide between those systems that ……………..the water to the person who has it on his land and those that award it to the person who ………………. or ……………………….. it.

6. Western systems that allow private ownership of minerals ……………..between giving them to the ………………. and giving them to the …………………...

1. Для ознайомлення з поняттям про систему часів англійських дієслів вивчіть Units 31-32 підручника R. Murphy “English Grammar in Use”

2. Щоб навчитись вживати модальне дієслово can, виконайте наступну ситуаційну вправу:

Ситуація 3. Ви розумієте, що люди даремно щось хочуть зробити. Ви їм пояснюєте, що доцільно відмовитись від цього і вам допоможуть подані дієслово don’t/doesn’t/didn’t have to.

do get up go go pay shave wait work

1. I’m not working tomorrow, so I don’t have to get up early.

2. The car park is free – you ……………………to park your car there.

3. I went to the bank this morning. There were no queue, so I ………………….. .

4. Sally is extremely rich. She ………………………………

5. We’ve got plenty of time. We ……………………. yet.

6. Jack has got a beard, so he ……………………..

7. I am not particularly busy. I’ve got a few things to do but I ………………….them now.

8. A man was slightly injured in the accident but he ………………… to hospital.